How to Read and Convert Dates in Old Documents

Dates are a very important part of historical and genealogical research, but they also arent always as they appear. For most of us, the Gregorian calendar in common use today is all we encounter in modern records. Eventually, however, as we work back in time, or delve into religious or ethnic records, it is common to encounter other calendars and dates with which we arent familiar. These calendars can complicate the recording of dates in our family tree, unless we can accurately convert and record the calendar dates into a standard format, so that there is no further confusion. Julian vs. Gregorian Calendar The calendar in common use today, known as the Gregorian calendar, was created in 1582 to replace the previously used Julian calendar. The Julian calendar, established in 46 B.C. by Julius Caesar, had twelve months, with three years of 365 days, followed by a fourth year of 366 days. Even with the extra day added every fourth year, the Julian calendar was still slightly longer than the solar year (by about eleven minutes per year), so by the time the year 1500 rolled around, the calendar was ten days out of sync with the sun. To remedy the deficiencies in the Julian calendar, Pope Gregory XIII replaced the Julian calendar with the Gregorian calendar (named after himself) in 1582. The new Gregorian calendar dropped ten days from the month of October for the first year only, to get back in sync with the solar cycle. It also retained the leap year every four years, except century years not divisible by 400 (to keep the accumulation problem from recurring). Of primary importance to genealogists, is that the Gregorian calendar was not adopted by many protestant countries until much later than 1592 (meaning they also had to drop a varying number of days to get back in sync). Great Britain and her colonies adopted the Gregorian, or new style calendar in 1752. Some countries, such as China, did not adopt the calendar until the 1900s. For each country in which we research, it is important to know on what date the Gregorian calendar came into effect. The distinction between the Julian and Gregorian calendar becomes important for genealogists in cases where a person was born while the Julian calendar was in effect and died after the Gregorian calendar was adopted. In such cases it is very important to record dates exactly as you found them, or to make a note when a date has been adjusted for the change in calendar. Some people choose to indicate both dates - known as old style and new style. Double Dating Before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, most countries celebrated the new year on March 25th (the date known as the Annunciation of Mary). The Gregorian calendar changed this date to January 1st (a date associated with the Circumcision of Christ). Because of this change in the start of the new year, some early records used a special dating technique, known as double dating, to mark dates which fell between January 1 and March 25. A date such as 12 Feb 1746/7 would indicate the end of 1746 (Jan 1 – March 24) in the old style and the early part of 1747 in the new style. Genealogists generally record these double dates exactly as found to avoid possible misinterpretation.   Next Special Dates Archaic Date Terms Julian vs. Gregorian Calendars Feast Days Other Special Dating Terms Archaic terms are common in older records, and dates dont escape this usage. The term instant, for example, (e.g. in the 8th instant refers to the 8th of this month). A corresponding term, ultimo, refers to the previous month (e.g. the 16th ultimo means the 16th of last month). Examples of other archaic usage you may encounter include Tuesday last, referring to the most recent Tuesday, and Thursday next, meaning the next Thursday to occur. Quaker-Style Dates Quakers typically did not use the names of the months or days of the week because most of these names were derived from pagan gods (e.g. Thursday came from â€Å"Thor’s Day†). Instead, they recorded dates using numbers to describe the day of the week and month of the year: [blockquote shadeno]7th da 3rd mo 1733 Converting these dates can be especially tricky because the Gregorian calendar change must be taken into account. The first month in 1751, for example, was March, while the first month in 1753 was January. When in doubt, always transcribe the date exactly as written in the original document. Other Calendars to Consider When researching in France, or in countries under French control, between 1793 and 1805, youll probably encounter some strange looking dates, with funny-sounding months and references to the year of the Republic. These dates reference the French Republican Calendar, also commonly referred to as the French Revolutionary calendar. There are many charts and tools available to help you convert those dates back into standard Gregorian dates. Other calendars you may encounter in your research include the Hebrew calendar, the Islamic calendar and the Chinese calendar. Date Recording for Accurate Family Histories Different parts of the world record dates differently. Most countries write out a date as month-day-year, while in the United States the day is commonly written before the month. This makes little difference when the dates are written out, as in the above examples, but when you run across a date written 7/12/1969 it is hard to know whether it refers to July 12th or December 7th. To avoid confusion in family histories, it is standard convention to use the day-month-year format (23 July 1815) for all genealogical data, with the year written out in full to avoid confusion about which century it refers to (1815, 1915 or 2015?). Months are generally written out in full, or using standard three-letter abbreviations. When in doubt about a date, it is generally best to record it exactly as written in the original source and include any interpretation in square brackets.

International Alliances during World Wars I and II

Since 1914 the United States military has grown and gotten to one of the strongest forces in the world, their technology has developed from Molotov cocktails to the development of the atomic bomb. As nations across the world started to build their troops and modernize, they also began to ally with each other, especially throughout Europe. The Triple Entente consisted of Great Britain, Russia, and France- and the Triple Alliance consisting of Germany, Austria and Italy. Since land was still being fought over in Europe it was bound for a war to start, the spark setting off the beginning of WWI was in the Balkans, this is where the Ottoman Empire disintegrates and new territories wanted to take control. By the time August rolled around Germany had declared war on Russia and France, but as they meet outside the river in Paris the war takes a pause and they just battle as a stalemate. Accompanying the entrance of this war was a huge modernization in weaponry including machine guns, tanks, submarines, aircraft, and submarines. As the countries continued to fight they began to come up with different ways to battle besides weapons and started to use chlorine and mustard gas. This made both sides of battle have to wear gas masks and the number of causalities to rapidly increase. However, in the United States, President Woodrow Wilson did not want to get involved with the actions taking place in the western world. The problem with this was these were the nations who the U.S. wereShow MoreRelatedAlliance System and New Imperialism Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesAlliance System and New Imperialism Jessica Gray, Bernadine Cross, Tameka Freeman, Rikia Wyatt His/114 January 4, 2012 Darrett Pullins Alliance System and New Imperialism Otto Von Bismarck formed of designed the European balance of power. 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These hostilities transformed into war on the 28th of June 1914,when a 19 year old terrorist, Gavrilo Princip, assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, creating the cause of war that one month later brought Austria-HungaryRead MoreEssay on cause of world war551 Words   |  3 Pages Cause of World War I Unlike World War II, the causes of World War I are not as clear cut. Historians say the war had been building up for some time prior to 1914. The quot;Great Warquot; was not caused by megalomaniacs hungry for power as in the case of Mussolini and Hitler during World War II. The origins are more complex. First one is the alliance Systems The causes can be explained, more in political terms than human terms. From the end of the Franco-Prussian War, a system of

Morally Correct free essay sample

Morally Correct Throughout life people are faced with difficult choices and how to act on them. The actions people take determine how they are perceived by others. According to John Ruskin, thoughts, beliefs, and knowledge are â€Å"of little consequence† when a person does not act on what he considers to be morally correct. George Orwell, Tim O’Brien, and Virginia Woolf assert Ruskin’s idea on the importance of action through their use of rhetorical strategies such as paradox, irony, and rhetorical questions. Although the circumstances under which actions are taken may be difficult, staying true to one’s feelings is most important, though it may not be the easiest path to take. The protagonist in Tim O’Brien’s â€Å"On the Rainy River† and Orwell in â€Å"Shooting and Elephant† disregard their personal feelings to avoid public humiliation and embarrassment. O’Brien’s protagonist fights for a war he is terrified of and does not believe in. We will write a custom essay sample on Morally Correct or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though his conscience advises him â€Å"to run†, he decides to join the war to escape â€Å"shame†, â€Å"disgrace†, and â€Å"patriotic ridicule.† It is of no significance what the protagonist felt or thought, he went against his beliefs and became a â€Å"coward.† O’Brien’s being a coward is a paradox because he was brave enough to go to war, even though he went against his morals. The irony in Orwell’s autobiographical essay emphasizes Ruskin’s idea of thoughts and knowledge versus action. Being a white European man in authority should have given Orwell the power to act as he chose. Rather than Orwell controlling the Burmans, the Burmans controlled Orwell. He felt pressured to kill the elephant in front of the â€Å"two-thousand† Burmans to prevent being â€Å"laughed at† and â€Å"looking a fool.† Orwell and O’Brien commit acts that are against their morals to saisfy the expectations of th eir society. With the use of rhetorical questions such as â€Å"how far can she [Englishwoman] fight for freedom without firearms†, Virginia Woolf reasserts Ruskin’s belief. She mentions that Englishwomen â€Å"can fight with the mind.† They can think of ideas that will help their Englishmen win the war. Woolf declares, â€Å"to make decisions effective, we must be able to fire them off. We must put them into action.† Woolf believes that ideas are worthless to have unless they are acted upon. The aftermath of actions are consequences. People are responsible for their actions and the consequences that follow, be they good or bad. John Ruskin states that â€Å"the only consequence is what we do.† Taking action and taking a stand on an issue is more important than doing nothing. If a person’s beliefs counteract his actions, he is responsible for the consequences that follow.

One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Literary Essay free essay sample

With great power comes great responsibility. Many people have great power, but tend to abuse it. A common example of this abuse is using people below ones authority to do most of the work, or black mail them. Then there are the people who utilize power carefully whilst not abusing them. In the novel â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest† by Ken Kesey, McMurphy ultimately wins the power struggle with Nurse Ratched which leads to the patients recovery, her loss of control over the ward, and Nurse Ratched’s struggle for power. Before McMurphy arrived at the ward, Nurse Ratched had complete dominance over the patients. They did exactly what she said, no questions asked. She kept them there by making them feel insecure and unfit for society. Nurse Ratched had a logbook setup that appeared to be beneficial to the patients. In reality, the logbook was a method for Nurse Ratched to gather information which would be used against the patients for sending them to the main building. We will write a custom essay sample on One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Literary Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"They spy on each other. Sometimes one man says something about himself that he didn’t aim to let slip, to get enough evidence to have some guy reconditioned† (Kesey, 15). Nurse Ratched is exploiting the patients by making them turn against one another, they do not realize this as they are blinded by the fact that they get rewarded. The guy that wrote the piece of information in the log book, he gets a star by his name†¦and gets to sleep late the next day. † (Kesey,15). They desperately need the reward, to feel the slightest bit of comfort, due to the lock of freedom they get in the ward. After McMurphy arrived at the ward, he noticed that most of the patients were not mentally ill, and had no reason to be there. â€Å"I can understand it with some of those old guys on the ward. They’re nuts. But you, you’re not exactly the everyday man on the street, but you’re not nuts. † (Kesey, 195). Most of the men had lost their personalities, confidence, guts which caused them to deem themselves unfit to go back into society. â€Å"You could get along outside if you had the guts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Sure! †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ If we had the g-guts. † (Kesey, 195). The men had been drained of all they had by Nurse Ratched, they had nothing left. In order to help them regain what they had been stripped of, McMurphy took them on a fishing trip. The fishing trip gave them some time outside of the institution, they were free to do whatever they wanted knowing they were ot being watched, or in the presence of Nurse Ratched. The fishing trip was very therapeutic to the patients, as it taught them a bit of how to deal with the outside world. â€Å"We were three jackets short, and there was a fuss as to who’d be the three that braved that bar without jackets. †¦ Everybody was kind of surprised that Billy had volunteered, took his life jacket off right away when we found we were short, and helped the girl into it. † (Kesey, 252). Before McMurphy came the ward, Billy would never have volunteered for anything. He would not have the confidence to stick out of the crowd. Billy rising above the crowd is a clear indication of the positive influence McMurphy had on the ward. They learn how to resolve their own issues, and see themselves as men. This gives them a huge positive influence on their confidence. Slowly, they start to realize they have proven themselves to the outside world. At end of the fishing trip, they show everyone their huge catches, and are proud of what they did. The men eventually get their confidence back and their back to how they were when they first joined the ward if not better. During the party McMurphy was throwing for his last day, most of the men had their confidence back, Billy Bibbit also lost his stutter after losing his virginity. The patients discussed about leaving the hospital after a few more weeks, whereas at the beginning of the novels they had no guts to leave. This also shows they no longer fear Nurse Ratched. At the beginning of the novel, the ward had complete control over the patients. The rules that were enforced would run the patients lives, such as the daily routine everyone had to follow, toothpaste locked away, and loud music. They did not get any say in what they wanted. As the novel progressed, Nurse Ratched gradually lost control. †We can see the nurse’s face get red and her mouth work as she stares at him, everybody’s watching what she’s going to do—even the black boys and the little nurses†¦she flips a switch and the TV picture swirls back into the gray†¦Ã¢â‚¬ You’re committed, you realize. You are †¦ under the jurisdiction of me†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Mr. Harding! You return to your†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Mr. Har-ding! †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ You men—Stop this. Stop! † We’re all sitting there†¦and she’s ranting and screaming behind us. † (Kesey, 143-144). This is the first incident Nurse Ratched had no control over the patients in the ward. In her furious mentality, she suspends privileges in an attempt to display her authority again, and starts rationing cigarettes. That did not help much as the men still question her authority and her control goes downhill from here as there is not much she can do anymore. As soon as McMurphy set foot in the hospital, she knew he was a threat to her by the way he acted. She tries one of her old tactics and tries to humiliate McMurphy by calling him â€Å"Mr. McMurry† (Kessey, 25). She sees McMurphy as a threat from the beginning as can be seen by what she said, â€Å"That is exactly what the new patient is planning: to take over. He is what we call a ‘manipulator’. (Kessey, 27). His first attempt at changing Nurse Ratched fragile system was to change the routine, but he did not have any supports. He needed a team to make changes to the place, as Nurse Ratched required a majority vote, so McMurphy made a bet with the ward members, to drive her off the throne, without her having any power over him. He disobeys ward policies, such as taking showers when they were not permitted, and brushing his teeth. When Nurse Ratched arrived to work that day, she went berserk but kept it to herself. Another incident was when he claimed someone stole his clothes, and he takes off his towel only to see whale shorts. â€Å"She closes her eyes and concentrates. She cannot have them see her face like this, white and wrapped with fury. She uses all the power of control that is in her. Gradually the lips gather together again under the little white nose, run together, like the red-host wire had got hot enough to melt† (Kesey, 99-10). This was a major incident that lead to her fall from the throne, she could not handle all the trouble McMurphy was causing. Another point when he also broke her down was when they were watching the blank TV imagining the World Series. She was completely helpless as, no one would listen to her. She thought she could shut him down once and for all when she tells McMurphy he is committed, but he reclaims himself by shattering the window not once, but twice. In the end, McMurphy’s last act was choking, and exposing Nurse Ratched’s weakness, he stripped her of her clothes, and exposed her chest to everyone, which she tried so hard to conceal from everyone throughout the novel. This completely broke down Nurse Ratched, and in revenge, she lobotomized McMurphy. She may have gotten rid of him, but he succeeded in destroying the system, and throwing her off the throne. As most people left the Ward after that, or transferred, McMurphy may be gone, but his work will haunt her forever. In conclusion, Nurse Ratched has lost her power forever, as she has no control over the institution or authority left, in exchange for McMurphy’s life, and the freedom of many of the wards patients. The patient’s recovery leads to the loss of Nurse Ratched’s control, which caused Nurse Ratched to struggle for power. In the end, she did not win by getting rid of McMurphy, as he weakened the power she had over people forever. As William Edward Hickson said, â€Å"If at first you do not succeed, try, try again†. McMurphy was a perfect representation of this goal, he kept going against Nurse Ratched to break her down. One should always keep trying to achieve their goal, very few succeed the first time. Works Cited Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest. Penguin Edition. United States of America: New American Library, February 1963

A Few Simple Rules for Expressing Numbers in Your Writing

A Few Simple Rules for Expressing Numbers in Your Writing When you refer to a number in your writing, you often have to decide whether to use a numerical expression/figure or spell it out as a word. This article discusses numbers, how to write them correctly, and when to use numerical expressions instead.General rulesRelated numbers should be expressed consistently. For example, if you choose to use figures because one of the numbers is greater than nine, use figures for all of the numbers in that category. If you choose to spell out numbers because one of the numbers is a single digit, spell out all numbers in that category. For example:Right: two apples, six oranges, four pears, and three bananasWrong: two apples, 6 oranges, four pears, and 3 bananasIf a passage includes numbers that follow one another, one is spelled out and the other is represented with a figure.Unclear: The club celebrated the birthdays of 6 90-year-olds who were born in the city. (This may cause the reader to read 690 as one number.)Clearer: The club celebrated the bi rthdays of six 90-year-olds who were born in the city.Rules for spelling out numbersThe rules of usage vary, but small numbers, such as whole numbers smaller than ten, should be spelled out. This is the one rule that is fairly uniform among all rulebooks. Most style guides also include all numbers that can be expressed in one or two words. Figures are recommended for the other cases. For example:Exactly three poundsTwo thousand dollarsAbout twenty-six yearsThirty-two peopleJust 268 days until ChristmasCost $46.151,238 tons116.3 gallonsAnother widely accepted rule is to write out a number if it begins a sentence. For example:Right: Six percent of the group failed.Wrong: 6% of the group failed.You may need to reword sentences to avoid spelling out large numbers. For example:Right: Fans bought 400,000 copies of her new book on the first day.Wrong: 400,000 copies of her book were sold on the first day.In English, the comma is used as a thousands separator and the period is used as a dec imal separator to make large numbers easier to read. Thus, you should write the size of Alaska as:Right: 571,951 square milesWrong: 571951 square miles.If the number is rounded or estimated, spell it out. Rounded numbers over a million are written as a numeral plus a word:Right: About 400 million people speak Spanish natively,Wrong: About 400,000,000 people speak Spanish natively.Hyphenate a number written as two words if it is under one hundred. For example:There are twenty-two students in my class.Use a hyphen to separate the numerator from the denominator in written fractions. For example:Two-thirds of the class chose the correct answer.Rules for using figuresThe following should be expressed as figures.Exact measurements followed by symbols or abbreviations: 55 m.p.h.Exact amounts of money: $110.79Decimals and fractions: 2.5, 3/5Percentages, scores, or statistics: 38%, score of 10-1Volume, chapter, and page numbers: Vol. I, Chapter 12, page 87Act, scene, and line numbers: Act II I, Scene 2, lines 23-27PlacesFigures are generally used for addresses. For example:16 Tenth Street350 West 114 StreetTimeUse numerals with the time of day when exact times are being emphasized or when using A.M. or P.M. For example:8:00 A.M.However, use noon and midnight rather than 12:00 P.M. and 12:00 A.M.Normally, spell out the time of day in text even with half and quarter hours. With oclock, the number is always spelled out. For example:eight oclock in the morningDatesIt is generally acceptable to express a decade by spelling it out or writing it as a figure. When expressing a decade as a figure, do not use an apostrophe between the year and the s, i.e., 1980s. When spelling out a decade, use lower case letters, i.e., the eighties.In general, do not use st, nd, rd, and th after dates to indicate ordinals.Right: We will meet again on April 15.Wrong: We will meet again on April 15th.Here are a few more examples of dates:December 12, 1965 or 12 December 1965A.D. 1066in 1900from 19 71–72 or from 1971–1972Expressing numbers in mathematics and the sciencesUse an en dash, not a hyphen, to indicate a closed numeric range, i.e., 100–110.Insert a space on either side of mathematical operators (-, +, =, etc.) or symbols unless they directly precede a number to indicate a value (There should not be a space between a number and a percentage sign, i.e., 100%.Preferably abbreviate units of measurement when used with figures, but spell them out when not preceded by figures.Write decimals in figures. Put a zero in front of a decimal unless the decimal itself begins with a zero.Please keep in mind that this article discusses general rules regarding the expression of numbers in writing. In business and academia, you should always consult the applicable style guide. For example, the APA Publication Manual and the Chicago Manual of Style have extensive sections devoted to the use of numbers in technical papers.

Brief History of the State of the Union Address

Brief History of the State of the Union Address The State of the Union address is a speech delivered annually by the President the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress. The State of the Union Address is not, however, delivered during the first year of a new president’s first term in office. In the address, the president typically reports on the general condition of the nation in the areas of domestic and foreign policy issues and outlines his or her legislative platform and national priorities. Delivery of the State of the Union address fulfills Article II, Sec. 3, of the U.S. Constitution requiring that â€Å"The President shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.†Ã‚   As a policy of the doctrine of separation of powers, the Speaker of the House must invite the president to present the State of the Union Address in person. In lieu of an invitation, the address can be delivered to Congress in written form. Since January 8, 1790, when George Washington personally delivered the first annual message to Congress, presidents have from time to time, been doing just that in what has become known as the State of the Union Address. The speech was shared with the public only through newspapers until 1923 when President Calvin Coolidges annual message was broadcast on radio. Franklin D. Roosevelt first used the phrase State of the Union in 1935, and in 1947, Roosevelts successor Harry S. Truman became the first president to deliver a televised address. Extreme Security Required As the largest annual political event in Washington, D.C., the State of the Union Address requires extraordinary security measures, as the president, vice president, Cabinet members, Congress, Supreme Court, military leaders and diplomatic corps are all together at the same time. Declared a â€Å"National Special Security Event,† thousands of federal security personnel- including a number of military troops- are brought in to guard the area. The Great State of the Union Controversy of 2019 The question of when, where, and how the 2019 State of the Union Address would be delivered became a hot political mess on January 16, when during the longest federal government shutdown in history, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi (D-California) asked President Trump to either delay his 2019 address or deliver it to Congress in writing. In doing so, Speaker Pelosi cited security concerns caused by the shutdown. â€Å"Sadly, given the security concerns and unless government re-opens this week, I suggest we work together to determine another suitable date after government has re-opened for this address or for you to consider delivering your State of the Union address in writing to the Congress on January 29,† wrote Pelosi in a letter to the White House. However, Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen stated that the Secret Service- then working without pay due to the shutdown- was fully prepared and willing to provide security during the address. â€Å"The Department of Homeland Security and the US Secret Service are fully prepared to support and secure the State of the Union,† she wrote in a tweet. The White House suggested that Pelosi’s action was actually a form of political retaliation for President Trump’s reluctance to negotiate with the House on the its refusal to authorize $5.7 billion in funding requested by Trump  for construction of the controversial Mexican border wall- the dispute that had triggered the government shutdown.   On January 17, President Trump responded telling Pelosi via a letter that her congressional delegation’s planned secret seven-day, secret â€Å"excursion† to Brussels, Egypt and Afghanistan â€Å"has been postponed† until the shutdown ended, unless she chose to travel using commercial aviation. Since the non-publicized trip included Afghanistan- an active war zone- travel had been arranged aboard a U.S. Air Force plane. Trump had earlier canceled his own upcoming trip to the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, due to the shutdown. On January 23, President Trump turned down Speaker Pelosi’s request to delay his State of the Union Address. In a letter to Pelosi, Trump asserted his intention to deliver the address on Tuesday, January 29 in the House chamber as originally scheduled. â€Å"I will be honoring your invitation, and fulfilling my Constitutional duty, to deliver important information to the people and Congress of the United States of America regarding the State of our Union,† Trump wrote. â€Å"I look forward to seeing you on the evening on January 29th in the Chamber of the House of Representatives,† he continued, adding, â€Å"It would be so very sad for our Country if the State of the Union were not delivered on time, on schedule, and very importantly, on location!† Speaker Pelosi has the option of blocking Trump by refusing to call a vote on the resolution required to formally invite the president to before a joint session of Congress in the House chamber. Lawmakers have not yet considered such a resolution, an action typically taken for granted.   Speaker Pelosi quickly returned this historic struggle of separation of powers back to where it started on January 16 by informing President Trump that she would not allow him to deliver his speech in the House chamber as long as the government shutdown continued. President Trump responded by indicating that he would announce plans for an alternative State of the Union address at a later date. A White House spokesperson suggested options including a speech from the Oval Office of the White House or at a Trump rally away from Washington. In a late night tweet on January 23, President Trump conceded to Speaker Pelosi, stating that he would delay his State of the Union Address until after the government shutdown had ended. â€Å"As the Shutdown was going on, Nancy Pelosi asked me to give the State of the Union Address. I agreed. She then changed her mind because of the Shutdown, suggesting a later date. This is her prerogative- I will do the Address when the Shutdown is over,† Trump tweeted, adding, â€Å"I look forward to giving a great State of the Union Address in the near future!† The President continued that he would not seek an alternative location for the annual speech â€Å"because there is no venue that can compete with the history, tradition and importance of the House Chamber.† In a tweet of her own, Speaker Pelosi said she was hopeful that President Trump’s concession meant that he would back a bill already before the House that would temporarily fund the federal agencies affected by the shutdown. On Friday January 25, President Trump reached an agreement with Democrats on a short-term spending bill that did not include any funding for the border wall but allowed the government to temporarily reopen until February 15. During the delay, negotiations over border wall funding were to continue, with President Trump stressing that unless funding for the wall was included in the final budget bill, he would either allow the government shutdown to resume or declare a national emergency allowing him to reallocate existing fund for the purpose. On Monday, January 28, with the shutdown at least temporarily ended, Speaker Pelosi invited President Trump to give his State of the Union address on February 5 in the House Chamber. â€Å"When I wrote to you on January 23rd, I stated that we should work together to find a mutually agreeable date when government has reopened to schedule this years State of the Union address,† Pelosi stated in a letter provided by her office. â€Å"Therefore, I invite you to deliver your State of the Union address before a Joint Session of Congress on February 5, 2019 in the House Chamber.† President Trump accepted Pelosi’s invitation a few hours later. The Address At Last President Trump finally delivered his second State of the Union address on February 5th in the House Chamber. In his 90-minute speech, the president sounded a tone of bipartisan unity, calling on Congress to â€Å"reject the politics of revenge, resistance and retribution - and embrace the boundless potential of cooperation, compromise and the common good.† Without mentioning the record 35-day government shutdown that had delayed the address, he told lawmakers he was â€Å"ready to work with you to achieve historic breakthroughs for all Americans† and by working to â€Å"govern not as two parties but as one nation.† In addressing funding for his controversial border security wall that had caused the shutdown, the president came short of declaring a national emergency, but did insist he would â€Å"get it built.† Trump also stressed his administration’s economic success, noting that â€Å"no one has benefited more from our thriving economy than women, who have filled 58 percent of the new jobs created in the last year.† The president added, All Americans can be proud that we have more women in the workforce than ever before - and exactly one century after Congress passed the constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote, we also have more women serving in Congress than ever before.† The statement brought a standing ovation and chants of â€Å"USA!† from female lawmakers, many of whom had been elected based on their platforms opposing the Trump administration. On foreign policy, Trump touted his efforts to denuclearize North Korea, claiming that â€Å"if I had not been elected president of the United States we would right now, in my opinion, be in a major war with North Korea.† He also revealed that he would meet with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un for a second summit on February 27 and 28 in Vietnam.   Washington Hit the Essentials Rather than outlining his administrations agenda for the nation, as has become the modern practice, Washington used that first State of the Union Address to focus on the very concept of the union of states that had so recently been created. Indeed, establishing and maintaining the union was the primary goal of Washingtons first administration. While the Constitution specifies no time, date, place, or frequency of the address, presidents have typically delivered the State of the Union Address in late January, soon after Congress has re-convened. Since Washingtons first address to Congress, the date, frequency, method of delivery and content have varied greatly from president to president. Jefferson Puts it in Writing Finding the whole process of a speech to a joint session of Congress a little too kingly, Thomas Jefferson chose to carry out his constitutional duty in 1801 by sending details of his national priorities in separate, written notes to the House and Senate. Finding the written report a great idea, Jeffersons successors in the White House followed suit and it would be 112 years before a president again spoke the State of the Union Address. Wilson Set the Modern Tradition In a controversial move at the time, President Woodrow Wilson revived the practice of spoken delivery of the State of the Union Address to a joint session of Congress in 1913. Content of the State of the Union Address In modern times, the State of the Union Address serves as both a conversation between the president and Congress and, thanks to television, an opportunity for the president to promote his partys political agenda for the future. From time to time, the address has actually contained historically important information. In 1823, James Monroe explained what became known as the Monroe Doctrine, calling on powerful European nations to end their practice of western colonization.Abraham Lincoln told the nation he wanted to end slavery in 1862.In 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke of the four freedoms.Just four months after the 9-11 terrorist attacks, President George W. Bush shared his plans for a war on terror in 2002. Whatever its content, presidents traditionally hope their State of the Union Addresses will heal past political wounds, promote bipartisan unity in Congress and win support for his legislative agenda from both parties and the American people. From time to time... that actually happens.

Masking Poor Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Masking Poor Communication - Essay Example Perhaps this is because we tend to take the allegiance of our family members for granted. Over time, we start navigating through our communication approaches, believing that those who are close to us will never leave us and our bond with them is too strong to withstand any misunderstanding or miscommunication. It is only when our kids turn rebellious and problematic, or our spouses file a divorce petition that we begin to realize that irrespective of strong family bonds, relationships need to be constantly worked on. I do remember one such instance in my life when I failed to communicate properly with a loved one. My 14 year old sister Victoria was chronically obese. The doctors had diagnosed that unless she engages in some fitness activity, she could develop serious health problems. Being a fitness conscious person, I decided to help Victoria. I woke up Victoria at 5 in the morning and she gladly changed into her track suit and sport shoes to go for a walk with me. I told Victoria that we will have a half an hour brisk walk followed by some exercises. However, after a couple of minutes I notice that Victoria was lagging behind me by at least 300 meters. Moved by my concern for her, I simply yelled at her, believing that this will encourage her. However, to my dismay, Victoria broke into tears and ran back home, leaving me alone. Standing there I mulled over this problem. It was then that I realized that I simply failed to understand the fact that being an overweight and sedentary person, engaging in brisk fitness activities on the very first day must have been too much for Victoria. I was assessing Victoria by my standards. Just because she was my sister, I had turned blind to her problems and had not even tried to talk about them with Victoria. So, on returning home I apologized to Victoria for my aggressiveness. The next day onwards, I redesigned a fitness regimen after taking Victoria into

About Capital Asset Pricing Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

About Capital Asset Pricing Model - Essay Example CAPM holds that investors are operating in a perfectly capital market and all securities are valued accurately. If we plot the returns on the Security Market Line than none of the returns will be above or below the SML Line. A perfect capital market assumes that information is freely available to all the investors who have homogenous expectations. Secondly, the model assumes that the assets are infinitely divisible. This assumption emphasizes that investors can take any position in investment. For instance, they can buy $1 worth of stock of Intel Corporation. The third assumption about CAPM is that personal taxes are not present which implies that returns generated in the form of dividends or capital gains are not taxed. The fourth assumption is that individual investors do not have power to affect the prices of stocks by the action of their buying and selling rather it is determined in total by their actions. The fifth assumption is that investors make decision based on expected returns or risk, the other factors such as behavioral finance is not accounted to it. The sixth assumption is that there is no restriction on amount of short sales; individuals are free to conduct as many short sales transaction as possible. The seventh and the most stringent assumption is that investors are given the choice to borrow or lend unlimit ed amount of money at the risk free rate. The eighth assumption deals with the homogeneity of the investors’ expectations which mean that all the investors have defined their relative period of investment in exactly the same manner. The final assumption withholds that all the assets are marketable whether they be financial or non-financial such as human capital. CAPM has its roots build on the model of portfolio developed by Markowitz in late 50’s. According to the Markowitz’s model of â€Å"Mean-Variance analysis†, the investors are risk averse and will prefer more return on the same level of

Condoms in Schools Essay Example for Free

Condoms in Schools Essay Should condoms be distributed among high schools? The answer to that very controversial subject is yes. Yes condoms should be distributed among the students. The question is controversial due to the main subject it discusses: sex. Some schools today are distributing birth control items to promote the thoughts and ideas of safe sex. Many also believe that along with condom distribution, there should be an availability of other methods of birth control, promotion of abstinence, and information for students on what being safe really means. Alternatively the critics of condom distribution suggest that there should be abstinence only education on this issue. Sex education in this context would encourage the young individuals to abstain from sexual activity in order to avoid pregnancy and diseases In today’s society, high schools should distribute condoms to students. This issue of condoms in schools is a growing concern because of increasing rates of sexual behavior, earlier onset of sexual activity, teenage pregnancy, and the spreading of STDs and HIV. It is important to educate teenagers about the use of condoms and how it prevents the spread of HIV, AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and pregnancy. Teenagers need to know that having unprotected sex puts them at risk of coming in contact with diseases that they can spread to others. Each year there are many unwanted babies born, or even worse aborted in this country. Many which are born to young people with little or no education about condom use and sex. With a little education about condom use and safe sex many of these unnecessary pregnancies could be prevented. Many parents do not educate their children about sex; therefore the burden usually falls on the schools. Condoms should definitely be readily available in the school system, along with a Sex Education program that includes how and why to use condoms properly. When young people are educated about condoms and the risk of pregnancy then they are more likely to use a condom. A lot of young people are getting bad myths and taboos from their friends and the media. Having the school really tell them about sex and what can really happen will help. Having condoms available in the school will allow students to have them their so they don’t have to worry about being embarrassed for walking in a store to buy them or ask their parents for them. More and more teens are getting pregnant as a result of not using a condom. Lots of teens believe in the â€Å"pull out† method, but they fail to realize that it will not work every time. Teens need to be educated properly and stop depending on tv and magazines to learn about sex. Many adults think that to provide condoms in school will only push student to have sex however, to have condoms available at high schools does not influence teenagers to have sex but shows them that if they are ready to have sex that condoms are always a must. If a girl or boy really wants to have sex then they are going to do it regardless of if there are condoms available to them. People believe that teaching abstinence will sway kids away from wanting to having sex. They believe that it you don’t show teens anything sexual then they won’t want to engage in sexual behavior but that it the total opposite. It will only make teens more curious about sex. If you tell them the facts up front then they will have all the facts and know all their risk. They will be able to decide for themselves whether sex is right for them or not. Having condoms there and ready for them if or when they make the decision to have sex is great. No teen should get pregnant their first time because someone convinced them that they can’ t get pregnant their first time having sex. Ignorance is leading teens to make bad decisions. Providing condoms to students are actually the morally realistic action to follow, educators do not have to encourage sex but they can motivate students to make wise choices when they decide to have sex. Believe it or not it is wise to know that some young individuals, regardless of the abstinence messages will have sex, in such cases such condom distribution is the better option. Also, providing access to birth control empowers women of today, giving them more control over their body. Historically women have suffered more due to the restrictive policies related to reproduction like abortion laws. Guys however do not have to face the consequences of their actions as much. Hence distribution of condoms boosts the responsibility of men and enlarges the choices for young girls. Giving young girls the choice of birth control can help them feel more prepared for sex. There are so many different birth controls available for girls to choose from. They can opt to take the pill or receive a shot or even get a patch to release birth control medication. It can make the girl feel better if she thinks that she has a say so in whether she gets pregnant or not instead of strictly depending on the guy to wear a condom. However, the use of birth control can go against the catholic religion. Most catholic communities choose not to put their daughters on birth control because it is against their beliefs. In my opinion, Why would you want to not give your daughter the choice of being protected. Would you rather want a daughter on birth control or a pregnant daughter? Although, getting pregnant is not the best situation, not wearing a condom can also pose a threat of catching a STD. More and more teens are coming in contact with STIs and STDs. Although some are easily treatable, there are some that can stick with you your whole life. AIDS and HIV are rising amounts young adults because of lack of protection. Even though most people think that you can only catch and STD through multiple sexual partners, some young teens catch STDs the first time they have sex because they think they know their boyfriend or girlfriend. Some people with STIs and STDs don’t even experience symptoms so how are you to know if they have caught something or not? Teens need to know they are always at risk if they do not wear a condom during sexual intercourse. It will be great for schools to have condoms on hand for teens to get whenever they need. Teens may joke or laugh around about condoms but in their mind they know that they will be protected.

Essay --

At the core of the conflict between the States of Palestine and Israel is constant development of new settlements by the State of Israel in Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) in the effort to fragment the Palestinian State in order to preclude the establishment of a structured, Country of Palestine. Despite numerous Security Council Resolutions condemning such settlements and reaffirming their illegality, Israel continues to erect settlements in The West Bank, the Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem, refusing to withdraw from them and supposing a barrier between themselves and any potential peace solution that could be achieved or that have tried to be arrived to in the past. The Israelis have varying levels of authority in the Occupied Palestinian territories, but mostly retain full control of such regions, without any indications of possible leniencies arising. Apart from constituting serious breaches in the humanitarian law, the settlements are illegal by international law and viol ate the 4th Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian persons in Times of War. Regardless of this and using numerous justifications that call upon the right of the Israelis to settle in Palestinian Territory, settlement growth continues to increase even as international pressure for peace also becomes stronger. 1948- 1968 In May 1948 the State of Israel declares it independence. From this declaration to the Six Day War, there is no settling taking place due to Israel being at constant conflict with its neighboring Arab States. In 1967, the Six Day War marks what have come to be called the 1967 borders. Israel illegally annexes 70km2including considerable portions of Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. This same year, Israel’s De... ...srael’s security and that therefore must be annexed. The plan is not yet taken to action but will serve as a future reference for security oriented settlements. In 1982 the government continues to rule out any potential peace plans that could involve land being taken away from the State of Israel. The Prime Minister in 1984, Isaac Shamir presents his plan according to The A Hundred Thousand Plan contrived by the Ministry of Agriculture for settlements up to 2010 and emphasises there would be no change in the sovereignty held in the West bank. 1988-1992 During this period of time, the amount of Israeli settlements increases by 60%, following the Hundred Thousand Plan. The Israeli government continues to be transparent in its desire to continue building settlements and ensuring the development of them through infrastructure and control. By the end of this period,

Reproductive Health in Nursing Essay

Reproductive Health Bill was introduced by Congresswoman Bellaflor J. Angara -Castillo is also known as  ³Reproductive Health Care Act of 2002 ´,assembled at Senateand House of Representatives of the Philippines, and now known as House Bill 5043 of 2008. It ¶s been years since the bill was approved in the senate, due to some churchconflicts, biomedical ethical issues and some scientific research conflicts. Today thereare still lots of Filipino citizen who are now fully aware about this bill and why this billwas imposed.Before I write this reaction paper I had to read the Bill twice and read somearticles, reaction and comments in the internet I had read books and research which isrelated to reproductive health, sex education and Bioethics, for me to fully understandwhat was the RH bill all about and the reason of the creation of this bill.Poverty, the main problems that the Philippine is facing today and they say thatthe primary factors that lead to poverty is due to overpopulation, the Philippines has apopulation of 64,318,120 in 1990. Today the population is ballooning and estimated toover 94 million according to latest census and the top 12 th  country having the mostpopulation. The population is growing by about 2 percent a year, giving the Philippinesone of the world ¶s highest population-growth rates.This is one of the reasons of the creation of the Reproductive Health bill to give asolution to poverty by eradicating the overpopulation problem, by implementing familyplanning, sex education and prevent the sexually transmitted disease.

Gryphon: Teacher and Baxter

â€Å"Gryphon† is a short story about women. Author showed two types of women. The first type represented by the teacher, and the second type represented by the narrator’s mother. The teacher represents women who are free and not restricted by family. She was not married, she traveled in order to explore the world, and she was well educated, while narrator’s mother was a typically housewife dependent on her husband and predestined to â€Å"full- time mothering at home† (Rich, 1996) In the first paragraph is presented Miss Ferenczi a substitute teacher.Unlike other boring normal substitute teachers, who â€Å"provided easeful class day, and nervously covered material† (Baxter, p. 15)into the class came woman they had never seen. â€Å"She was no special age but her face had two prominent lines, descending vertically from the sides of her mouth to her chin. I knew where I had seen those lines before: Pinocchio. They were marionette lines† (Baxt er, 2010). As she walks to the blackboard, picking up pieces of white and green chalk, she draws a large oak tree on the left side of the blackboard saying the class needs this tree in it. Then she told the class about her royal Hungarian ancestor.She was proud of her mother being a famous pianist who succeeded her first concert in London for ? crowned heads. The substitute teacher’s behavior and personality surprised her students because she was strange. She was different from their mothers, which were uneducated housewives sitting â€Å"silently at the back of the room, doing her knitting. † (Baxter, 2010) Narrator’s mother â€Å"face and hairstyle always reminded other people of Betty Crocker, whose picture was framed inside a gigantic spoon on the side of the Bisquick box† (Baxter, 2010). For him his â€Å"mother face just looked white† (Baxter, 2010).She always had chores to do; she was only interested in cleaning and cooking. She did not part icipate in the life of her son, she really did not talk to him, she just command. They only have time for talking when â€Å"the father gets home† (Baxter, 2010). Everything has to be prepared before† the Lord's† coming home. For her the most important thing was â€Å"to clean up before dinner† (Baxter, 2010). The diamond is one symbol that helps to convey this theme. According to Miss Ferenczi â€Å"diamond s are magic and this is why women wear them on their fingers, as a sign of the magic womanhood† (Baxter, 2010).Every young girl dreams of a fairy-tale prince and to live happily ever after. In the consciousness of young women is a deeply rooted compulsion to marriage. â€Å"Women have married because it was necessary, in order to survive economically, in order to have children who would not suffer economic deprivation or social ostracism†. (Rich, 1996) In a really life it turns out that marriage is a trap. Men manifest a male power and tre at â€Å"the institution of marriage and motherhood as unpaid production† (Rich, 1996). They â€Å"confine women physically and prevent their movement† (Rich, 1996).Also narrator’s mother was in this kind of trap. â€Å"She touched the back of her hand to my forehead and I felt her diamond ring against my skin† (Baxter, 2010). â€Å"The diamond in the world was cursed and had killed everyone who owned it, and that by trick of fate it was called the Hope diamond† (Baxter, 2010). The same as marriage could kill women’s creativeness and their independence. â€Å"Definition of male pursuits as more valuable than female within any culture, so that cultural values become the embodiment of male subjectivity: restriction of female self- fulfillment to marriage and motherhood†. Rich, 1996) In an attempt to show† the restriction of female self- fulfillment to marriage and motherhood â€Å" (Rich, 1996) Miss Ferenczi predicted the future of their students using a tarot. Predictions are shown to be different for girls and boys. In the girl’s future she did not see higher education but she saw an early marriage, many children and tasks of housewife life, while in boy’s future: travel, late marriage and â€Å"maybe a good life† (Baxter, 2010). It is a proof that the situation of women is the same for many generations regardless of time, place and culture. In the short story â€Å"Gryphon† were shown two women and two styles of life.A common part for these two women is just sex. The substitute teacher was as the fabulous beast – gryphon – â€Å"with the head and wings of an eagle and the body of a lion† (Baxter, 2010) meanwhile a narrator’s mother was like a most women, who need men as social and economic protectors. Work Cited Charles Baxter. â€Å"Gryphon†. Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandel (7th Edition). : Bo ston: Wadsworth, 2010. 242-253. Print. Adriane Rich â€Å"Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence†. Feminism and Sexuality. Jackson E. Scott (1996).

Business Essays

Business Essays Business Essay Business Essay Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple, was asked to come back as Chief Executive in 1997 when the business was making a loss. Job’s was appointed to provide a clearer vision for the business and to improve its profitability. How easy is it for a Chief Executive to change a struggling business into a more successful one? Justify your answer with reference to Apple and/or other organisations you know. (40 marks) Depends upon/ points : How respected the leader is: Steve Jobs acted as an inspiration to many in the digital world, one which grabbed my interest was from competitor Bill Gates who stated â€Å"Of all the leaders in the industry that Ive worked with, he showed more inspiration and he saved the company. â€Å" Jobs is well known for being high on innovation and initially changing the technological world from large desktops to retina display thin and portable devices which we know today at the lowest possible cost, which has initially lead to Appleâ⠂¬â„¢s net worth to escalate to $567bn as of 2013. The extent that Apple struggled when Steve was fired: Steve jobs was fired in 1985 for an 11 year period, whilst researching I found that during this period sales rose in apple from $2m- $10m through till 1996, then with the re-hiring of Steve Jobs came a larger escalation from $10m-$65m a figure based until 2006. This is an 650% increase in sales (CHECK), which indicates that Jobs himself through innovation and brand new designs aimed at the variety of audiences through new products such as online music e. g. Tunes open for download in April 23, 2003 leaving jobs to quote â€Å"It will go down in history as a turning point for the music industry† those who thought piracy would end the music industry were proved wrong through a 10bn downloads from 2003-2009. Another example of Job’s success can be seen through the portable music player- iPod, released October 23, 2003 that gave the ability to achieve commercial success and innovation where others tried and failed. Job’s insistence on a simplified user interface changed the way everyone now buys and listens to music. It wasn’t until Apple’s iPod and iTunes Store took off that the recording industry begun embracing the digital distribution of its content as a viable business model. Therefore leading us to say he did not inspire only those within the technological market, but a wide range of stakeholders. However, one cannot fully justify that all this success was from Steve alone, as the success with sales and net worth of the company grew through the rise in demand for such technical goods that had seen a rise in the capability of technology and a fall in market price that initially lead to the goods being available to a mass audiences on a global market. Success from one person alone is debatable: Steve showed great leadership, control and management can lead to efficiency and productivity within the business, but the way all coincide to produce success depends on a variety of factors which may include the culture, resources, necessary demand for the goods, which we know was high d ue to the strategic marketing techniques used, as well as the low-price aiming at wider segmented audiences. Also, the actions of competition, for example IMF who showed great threat at the beginning of Apple (extend with history)– More recently we can see that Apple, Samsung dominate the smartphone industry ( zdnet. com/apples-iphone-5-overtakes-samsung-as-best-selling-smartphone-in-q4-2012- 7000011547/,) (extend with this example. ) Experience of Steve jobs: ‘Think different’ – producing new products ever so often to stimulate excitement thus demand whereas in 2012 we saw a huge release of apple goods such as the Ipad mini, retina display of all products etc. which some argue may have damaged the prestige of awaiting the new apple products that allows them to place such high prices on. (Article/quotes)

Critical Essay Outline

Critical Essay Outline Critical Essay Outline Critical Essay Outline Critical essay outline is a tool that helps you to organize your material logically and helps you to sort and to classify the material systematically. As a result, you are empowered to see the relationships that exist between ideas in your critical essay writing. Outline writing helps you to develop and organize plan for presenting the material. The goals of the outlines are to present logically the general information, to summarize it schematically, and to provide a visual and conceptual plan of the writing process. An outline reflects logical thinking and classification of your ideas. Prior to writing an outline, you should set up the purpose of the critical essay, write down the thesis of essay and think about the ideas you plan to cover. At this stage you can write all of the ideas you want to include in your critical essay writing, plan the work by grouping ideas together that are related to each other, organize the work by dividing the material into groups ranging from the gene ral to the specific, or from abstract to specific. Critical Essay Format Create a title page if it is necessary. Use MLA style for headings, headers and pagination. Type in 12-point font, for example, Arial which is the easiest to read, make it double-spaced with one-inch margins. Always make a back-up copy of your essay on diskette and an additional hard copy. Usually, short critical essay must be minimum 2-3 full pages; the longer critical essay must be minimum 5-7 full pages in length. In the short critical essay, you must include at least three quotes from the works you are analyzing. Add quotation marks around direct quotations; identify the sources of all paraphrased information. Be careful and avoid plagiarism while writing a critical essay: Writing a Critical Essay The purpose of writing a critical essay is to evaluate somebody's work, to express your ideas on the raised theme, and to reveal your understanding of the material. Critical essay is a paper in which you should express your opinion or provide evaluation of the text. Prior to writing a critical essay, have a clear topic in mind. Once more read the text, be sure that the topic in mind correspond to the essay's topic. Develop an argument and state it in your first paragraph. The argument should prove your chosen position. If no one would disagree with what you're saying, it's not an argument. Critical Essay Help It is not easy to write a good critical essay without outline. Moreover, it is even harder to write a good critical essay on the topic you are not familiar with. You are welcome to ask for assistance. We are ready to write an impressive critical essay for you on any topic! In addition, you receive free title page, outline, and bibliography list. Related posts: Hamlet Thesis Dissertation Writers Dissertation Subjects Dissertation Paper Dissertation Help

Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Marketing - Case Study Example Due to this, the company has recorded a decreased quality in service delivery. Moreover Don Martin Ltd. requires solving issues related to change. The company has expanded significantly and its operations have grown. It is therefore necessary to ensure that there are changes in management which are aimed at managing the changes that the company is facing which are related to growth (Grasby 381). The problems of the company and their implications are analyzed in the following tables in relation to the various segments of the market for the company’s products. ... sports center and garages Shopping for goods and their delivery varies among the various age groups of the consumers Why The prices are higher because of the customer service delivery The needs of the consumers are motivated by the amount that they pay for them The shopping and delivery of goods depends on the kind of consumer and hence the variation The variation in shopping and needs for delivery services depends on the preferences of the various age groups among the consumers How Customers prefer to do their own shopping so that they would save on the costs associated with service delivery The user needs can be achieved through quality of good and service delivery in addition to reasonable prices The shopping and delivery of goods is defined by the ability of the consumers to pay for the services and their preferences The variation in purchase and delivery is determined by how the consumers of different ages want their shopping experience to be Implications Price Usage Needs Demog raphics Age Who The implication of price competition id reflected by the inability of the company to maintain its loyal customers Delivery of user needs will define the ability of the company to achieve business success Every consumer needs different goods and services and therefore the company must make these available The preferences of the various age groups must be met by the company for success What The goods and services of the company have varied prices. The needs of the user means that the management and employees are obliged to ensure that these needs are met The implications of the divergent demographics are expressed by the ability of the company to meet diverse needs of the consumers The needs of different age group have to be met by the company otherwise the customers may be

Nokia Website Marketing Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Nokia Website Marketing Analysis - Assignment Example This product will appeal to users of all industries, be it Music, business, art etc. The most important aspect to determine if the particular age group that the product needs to relate to. A few sorts of methods of advertising are, optimizing search engines, networking sites, banner advertisements, link exchanges, and permission-based email are a few important methods. 1) Optimizing search engines: This has always been the most powerful tool since the beginning of the internet revolution. There are a host of websites available at disposal, but just a hand few of them are being used. To attain maximum exposure from these search engines, the website needs to be listed and code words used so that the website is pulled up within the first three pages of the search. 2) Networking sites: A fairly new trend of online advertising is the use of networking sites. Users from all age groups hold and expand their network. It is through these sites that more than just the target audience is reached. Many big brands advertise on sites like Twitter, Orkut, my space, facebook, etc... (Types of Internet Promotion) 3) Banner advertisements: This is one of the most important and widely used forms of advertising over the internet. This nature of advertising has proved to be very profitable and not very expensive. It helps in attaining more web traffic; again this is determined by the location and the appearance of the banner. (Dave,1996) 4) Link exchanges: This is another form of internet promotion wherein two sites are linked together; here there is no payment for either of the site owners. It helps in sales from both the websites and increases the popularity of both the links. 5) Permission-based emails: It is considered as the only form of email marketing and not considered as spam.  

Family and brotherhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Family and brotherhood - Essay Example But these words have become encompassing terms that it can connote a whole new different perspective that points toward unswerving loyalty, camaraderie and unity. â€Å"Infernal Affairs† has taken brotherhood toward a realm which yields multiple perspectives that all the notions of being one in a common goal and purpose in life makes a brotherhood, in crime and in justice, possible. Simultaneously, the film has taken a new look in outlining the existing perception of what a Chinese family is and how it should be then molds it in such a way that relationships may not be of blood but it remains to be thicker than water. This is not a new concept in terms of movie themes but the lack of family relationships in the Hong Kong blockbuster and the focus on alternative relations put a different strain on traditional relationships as commonly seen in Chinese culture and gears towards a modern conceptualization of family. The modification of a western genre involving the battle of good versus evil is something taken to new heights with this movie. The film has garnered international and local awards as proof of its success, critically and financially. â€Å"Many commentators have also raised questions about the export success story of recent Chinese cinema. They worry that Chinese filmmakers pander to Western audiences and that Western audiences and scholars appropriate and distort Chinese films for Orientalist and neo-imperialist ends† (Berry and Farquhar 204). ... Conversely, Ming has been perfecting his role as an ambitious cop by keeping his records immaculate when all along he has been a protege of triad kingpin Sam and his well thought-out scheme to penetrate the police force by enlisting young men to the Police Academy. Both Yan and Ming were tasked to find out who the infiltrator is within their respective groups. Whoever finds out first the other’s counterpart could mean the destructive end to one’s life and another’s career. Triad boss Sam takes the necessity of finding out who the mole is seriously. He executes a routine one-on-one conversation with each member of the group, asking them how many years they have worked for him and complimenting them for their contributions. He tells Yan that of all the brothers he trusts him the most. But some doubt had been cast on him earlier when Sam smashes Yan’s arm cask looking for a bugging device as their transaction with the Thais was tipped off to the OCTB, prompti ng them to throw the drugs into the water. The goose chase starts as both sides realized the other knew their every move to the very detail. Yan survived his boss’ suspicions narrowly and continued earning his respect. Keung, another triad member, later on confides that Sam talked to him in the same manner and asked if he would be willing to shoot any of his brothers if he finds out he is a mole and to which he answered yes to without hesitation. Later on as Keung was in the troughs of death, his final words endured to be an advice to Yan as his brother, â€Å"Remember this, if you see someone doing something but at the same time watching you... then he is a cop† (Infernal Affairs).

Sociol Cultural Homogenisation And The Role Of Media Media Essay

Sociol Cultural Homogenisation And The Role Of Media Media Essay There is a huge amount of debate on whether media actually leads to homogenisation process and thereby the subsequent creation of Global culture and whether there is such thing as global culture. Is the widening and deepening of international flows of culture through media in a single integrated market leading to the emergence of a global culture? If so, what are the factors which facilitate the creation of this homogenisation? These are some of the issues that the paper seeks to focus; the paper will also deal with the role of the local in responding or not responding to the impact of media. In short, the dynamic relationship between the local and the global is analysed in the paper. Introduction: Globalisation and media are closely inter-connected. The growth of globalisation has accelerated to a large extent with the growth and development of media technology especially in areas of TV, films, internet, videos, music, news etc. Media acts as an agent of globalisation in generating homogenisation by spreading cultural symbols, ideas and practices across socio cultural settings of the world. The impact of media is instant, it moves quicker than any material goods or people. It has a tremendous impact on both sustaining and weakening or eroding the fabric of social life. The more efficient the media is in communicating, the more effective it is in stabilising or destabilising existing social, political, religious etc scenario. Media actively constructs peoples identity across the dimensions of nations, race, class, gender, ethnicity etc in a number of ways, which often lead to homogenisation process. The media imposes their powerful images, sounds and advertisements on a vast ra nge of peoples of the world who most often succumb to their messages which are mostly designed to increase the profits of capitalist firms. Globalisation involves expanding worldwide flows of material objects and symbols and the proliferation of organisations and institutions within global reach that structure those flows. The process of globalisation is also characterised by relationships that are mediated through symbols of values, preferences and tastes etc through the powerful impact of media. The impact of media globalisation is manifold: it can lead to hybridisation of cultures, assertion of cultural autonomy and identity, cultural conflict, localisation, creolisation and homogenisation. However in my paper the focus is mainly on the homogenising effect of media globalisation on the socio cultural settings of the world and the factors which facilitates the creation of this homogenisation. Hannerz distinguishes between three dimensions of culture, which indicates that cultures are susceptible to global dynamics: Ideas and modes of thoughts: The entire array of concepts, propositions, values and mental operations that people within some social unit carry together. Forms of externalisation: The different ways in which ideas and modes of thought are made public and made accessible to the senses eg, forms of art, food habits etc. Social distribution: The ways in which people`s ideas and modes of thoughts and external forms are spread over a population and its social relationships. Thus, understanding structures of shared knowledge, values, beliefs, experience and meanings in all their complexities remain the core concern of cultural analysis. Media technology plays a major part in transmission of the second and third dimension of Hannerz definition of culture. According to Hannerz, media in particular are machineries of meanings: they enable communication without being in one other`s immediate presence  [1]  . In contemporary complex cultures, people increasingly make use of the media to externalise and distribute their ideas and thoughts throughout the world. This is how cultures as a system of meanings, symbols and actions get expressed in different form and media plays a major role in their transmission across the rest of the globe. Therefore culture is also about sharedness. The concept of de territorialisation as also referred by Appadurai, explains the inter connectivity of cultures across nations. These cultures are in contact with media in one way or the other and constantly influence each other in terms of tastes, styles, value systems, ideas, meanings and practices. According to Ritzer, the theory of socialisation and social interaction teach that human transcend in their social group through a process of acquiring culture and other gestures from parents and other social group members and social facts that happen in the environment in which the person lives. Here the environment in which each individual lives also includes media mediation and translation of social reality and thus culture is transmitted and diffused across cultures through the workings of the media. Media also play a major role in the continual re shaping of cultural identity. Benedict Anderson, points out that nation as imagined communities often started out as media audience. Media articulate the meanings and experiences associated with particular social identities in a globalised context and export them to different distant places. Arjun Appadurai makes clear that people around the world are increasingly living a fictional lives based on media narratives and imagery. People around the world can now connect with like- minded others which binds people together irrespective of language, home background and socio economic circumstances eg:- allegiance to Real Madrid or Manchester United as global football club. Internet connections enable fans scattered across the globe to remain in touch and meet up regularly. Popular culture leads to formation of distinctive organisational forms and practices which are hybrid in nature. They are neither local nor global but a distinctive hybrid culture of transnational where fan clubs of a particular sport like football, cricket etc or iconic figures like Michael Jackson come together and form a unique transnational group where hybrid names, emblems and material products emerge. This trend emerges with the formation of internet communities and networks. They allow intensive contact with other cultures without actual bodily or localized contact and have an impact on the minds and practices of the people. However the intensity of impact depends on the way in which information are processes and digested in the receiving cultures. New channels of intensified social connectivity are permitted by contemporary electronic media Eg:- social networking sites like facebook, orkut etc. Live global television covering a single event carried through the satellite news carriers covers varied and diverse locations and geographical areas. This brings together people across great distances and social relations become radically freed from l ocal contexts, and spatial distances become less important, and a greater consciousness of a world outside the local context come into picture. It produces a sense of globalised reality eg:- the recent FIFA World 2010, Cricket World Cup 2011 etc. This live global television is experienced by large numbers of people worldwide and creates an extension of social connections across time and space. Increased oneness of the world is accelerated by such forces. There is international corporate ownership of media enterprises which ensures that there is an increasing consumption of material goods and sharing of cultural icons across large numbers of people. These processes construct a shared experience of time and a collective memory for different groups of people. Thus Mass culture is created which is a product of modern communications. There is a huge amount of debate on whether media leads to homogenisation process and thereby the subsequent creation of Global culture and whether there is such thing as global culture. Is the widening and deepening of international flows of culture through media in a single integrated market leading to the emergence of a global culture? The term global cultural flow according to Arjun Appadurai, is used to indicate the simultaneous fluid movement and changing meaning of ideas as well as their location and passage through specific historical, linguistic and political contexts. Global culture is used to denote the growing uniformity and homogenisation of the world`s cultures which serves as a magnet attracting people to particular ideas regarding economic opportunities and consumption. Consumer culture: Global culture is often held to be a media driven construct dependent upon the profit seeking production of mass mediated signs and symbols. The emergence of global culture is often taken as the direct outcome of the capitalist market institution restructuring to get desires, create needs and thereby open up a new arena for capital accumulation leading to commoditisation, commercialisation and consumerism made possible by media ads and communication industries in their drive to maximise profits. Global consumerism thrives on the promotion of brand names like rolex, addidas, reebok, coca cola, Mc Donalds etc based on what people would like rather than what they are and need. This consumer culture is filled with new community signs which form the popular culture allied to global media translated through the market. There is a growing similarity which transcends frontiers and similar trend of styles of dressing, consumption of sports, music preferences, eating habits etc has emerged. Th e term MC world has been coined to describe the standardisation of an American consumer culture, a combination of fast food, fast music and fast computers that bring people together through a common consumption of commodified cultural production. According to Hermans and Kempen in their article Moving Cultures, referred to Glocalisation in economic usage where they introduced the term micromarketing i`e is the tailoring and advertisements of goods and services globally to increasingly local and diverse cultures. Thus, they talked about the creation of differentiated consumers and the emergence of consumer culture of the same global goods and services. They further problematises the relationship between the local and the global where cultures constantly interpenetrates with each other and become a part of the interconnectedness of the world system. Therefore the distinction between what it global and what is local becomes blurred and the presumed homogeneity of the local or internal and the distinctiveness of the global or external becomes problematic. Thus globalisation also involves the blurring of clear cut distinction between the local and global. What is local becomes global and what is global becomes local and sometimes they may become indistinguishable and homogenised. Media globalisation increasingly involved the creation and incorporation of locality. These processes is largely seen through the TV enterprise like CNN and MTV which seeks global markets and focussed on culturally diverse and differentiated groups. Dominance of west: Many have argued that global culture is more of western culture domination and enforcement of western culture on the rest of the world which is referred to as westernisation. The imposition of American culture in the form of TV, Videos, Pop music, Films and Ads on vulnerable communities unable to protect them from the sheer volume and intensity of exposition to media is widely under attacked. In recent years US has enjoyed a growing surplus for audio visual products (TV, Video, and Cinema) with the EU. Globally, the US accounts for about 75% of all TV programme exports. American Time Warner organisation claims to be the largest media company in the world. During the last decade there is a struggle for the formation of a new Information order from the Third World countries with a determination not to remain passive recipient to the west active centre. Countries like France, Italy, China, Canada, North Korea etc has imposed a check on US media imports for different reasons. Hence questions are being raised regarding prior consent for Transborder home reception, the production of communication technology on definition of privacy and also attempt to develop their own regional media. Fears of US media domination lead to Mc Bride Report 1980, which lead UNESCO to call for a restructuring of global media along more egalitarian lines. The WTO and International Tele communications Satellite Organisation (INTELSAT) are among the prestigious international bodies that have attempted to establish guidelines for the regulation of global cultural flow. However for some writers globalization is not westernization. According to them, outwardly analysis may appeared that the world is oriented towards westernisation rather than globalisation especially when one could see the popularity of the western music, movies, and McDonalds etc where more and more countries are seen playing the top chart of the pop list of USA and Hollywood movies and US-made television serials (like Friends and the Simpsons) are becoming widespread processes of cultural transmission. However, a closer examination indicates that the impact of the flow of these cultural goods have different meanings in different societal and cultural contexts with uneven impact on classes and age groups. Some of the products are consumed without any modification; others are modified and indigenized to suit the local contexts. Nevertheless, westernisation can be seen as a part of Globalisation. Media Imperialism: There is a construction of media order through the entrepreneurial devices of a comparatively small number of global players eg Time Warner, Sony, Rupert Murdoch News Corporation and Walt Disney Company. News globalisation was dominated by press wire services in the 19th century, however in the 1970`s and 1980`s electronic media globalisation increased. Aggressive media companies like Rupert Murdoch`s News Corporation yielded a massive conglomerates of other global media industries. Cable News Network (CNN) has struggled to become a 24 hour news provider, watched religiously by global business and political elites of the world. The result was an undeniable increase in the degree to which people`s everyday lives are experienced through the media. Several large media companies like Viacom, Disney, Time Warner etc over the last decade have evolved from being a local industry to large global conglomerates based on new forms of vertical and horizontal integration. These media conglomerati on was made possible by media deregulation in major western economies. These conglomerates not only have access to enormous quantities of investment capital but also the ability to minimise financial risks by managing their media products across different world markets in their areas of influence. For instance, News Corporation began as a print enterprise in Australia, spread into TV in UK in the 1970`s. This is now targeting the huge Chinese and Indian markets with its Star TV system which currently broadcasts in over 20 Asian languages. There is a popular concern about the growing concentration of ownership of global media production and transmission in the hands of a small number of corporations. For example, the past two decades have experience a huge expansion of the pop music industry, MTV has now become 24 hour music channels in America, Europe and Asia. But 70% of all pop music is produced and distributed by a handful of multinational corporations that integrate production, transmission and promotion ensuring that certain iconic faces like Madonna, Michael Jackson etc are everywhere, on TV, video, films, CD`s, magazines, newspapers, advertisements, radio and even designed on T shirts and many other things. The flow of information was dominated by multinational entities based in the most powerful nations leading to what is known as medial imperialism. Global and the local: The widespread claim of homogenisation of world cultures; the global as pro active and the local as reactive to global culture have been found to be unlikely by many scholars. They have argued that the local do not remain a passive recipient of global cultures transmitted to them through the media but the local have its own way of interpreting global influences according to its relativity. One such defender of this view is Robertson, who maintained that diffusion and transfer of ideas and values across socio cultural formations adapt to a particular local culture, which he termed as Glocalization. He talked about ambivalence and ambiguity of human culture in globalised world. Globalisation itself has no meaning unless it is connected in the context of the local. For him, globalisation is able to link locales together both materially and ideationally. Hence the local and global are inter connected and influence each other simultaneously and the media acts as an agent in increasing thi s process of glocalization and globalisation. This results in not only homogenisation but also hybridisation of cultures as the global gets localised according to the suitability and necessity of that particular contexts. To quote Robertson, An international TV enterprise like CNN produces and reproduces a particular pattern of relations between localities, a pattern which depends on a kind of recipe of locality  [2]  . He further illustrates how certain religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Taoism etc involved a long process of Glocalization after its dissemination throughout the globe. Following form this and relating it to the present context of information technologically advanced world, we see that religions are being widely promoted through the media. Religious channels are available 24/7 on TV, internet etc. These channels reach out to different regions of the world and are either absorbed and assimilated into the existing settings and become glocalised or they are rejec ted completely as a threat to their existing values and beliefs system. From here we can induce how the media play an important role in localising the global. Thus, the relation between the local and the global remain complex and negotiable terrain. Basically the politics of the glocal refers to globalisation from below which means that the impact of the global to a certain extent is in the hands of the local. This is because the local is not just a passive recipient of whatever globalisation through media brings at their doorstep influencing their lifestyles, ideas, values etc but the local is something active which constantly accommodates, assimilate and transforms different cultures that are brought to them, interpreting them according to its convenience and adaptability. Another reaction of the local to the global is the rejectionist attitude. There are many local movements who vehemently attempts to reject or resist the globalisation process and the impact of media consumerist culture claiming to protect their cultural identity or the purity of their culture. Some remain hostile to globalisation impact due to its ability to erode the traditional value system and the adverse affect on their socio cultural moral system. Contemporary indigenous movements are becoming increasingly global Eg:- Native people`s Movement increasingly use the media to defend or promote their rejection of globalisation process. In a globalised world, people constantly used the media to mobilise people as a local assertions against globalisation influence. In the present context, promotion of locality through the media has become a common trend. There is an attempt to globally organise the rights and identities of natives or indigenous people`s movement. The emergence of popul ar culture and the growing commodification of the consumer`s experience popularised and sensationalised by media is seen by many as posing a threat to the richness and diversity of cultural practices, resulting in the description of mass consumerism as a monolithic force with one dimensional causal effects on the traditional cultures. There are certain closed group which remain suspicious about the impact of media globalisation and attempts to curb and regulate the free expression of media itself. Such kind of group would be countries like China, Japan, Muslim fundamentalist etc however in the context of contemporary advancement of media technology it becomes difficult to remain intact by the homogenising influence of media. Nevertheless, the idea of uniformity of culture should not undermine the pervasive impact of counter currents that emerges from the local reception of the global. Wilkinson (1995) has developed the thesis that today, Conclusion: However claims of Global culture and its impact on cultures without uninterrupted reception by age, class, gender and geography etc is naive. Thus a deeper probing of the complex relationship between the global and local is necessary because human beings are not without rational analysis or do not have any personal choice but they are thinking individuals with a mind of their own capable of deciding what is best for themselves and hence they do not succumb to the global consumer culture unmindfully but translates the impact of media according to their own reality. Tomlinson made a distinction between culture as lived experience and culture as represented in media. He had argued that the realities in peoples lives are much more powerful than mere representation in global televisions and people do not get manipulated easily by the reception of media. He furthers argues that the cultural critics have overlooked the capacity of the audience to negotiate the possible contradictions in the reception of media. To him the power of the media should not be exaggerated by looking at media as mediating cultural experience rather than the determining force. Ang also refers to interpersonal drama to mean that media products are interpreted differently in different cultural contexts. Avijit Pathak is another who also talks about the politics of culture where cultures constantly negotiate in its interaction and influences. For him, even though there is a dominant global culture emanating, the process of reception becomes contextualised and gain a hermeneutic form, this he calls the art of resistance. For Wilkinson only one global civilisation exists which is a direct descendent of 1500 BC civilisation in the near East when Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilisation collided and fused. This entity spread all over the globe and engulf all others previously independent civilisation like Chinese, Japanese and western into one global civilisation. His idea was of connectedness of the world into one system rather than uniformity. People who interact with each other continuously belong to the same civilisation even if their cultures might be very dissimilar and hostile to each other  [3]  . Expansion of media communication increases connectivity of cultures, thus a chain of cultural networks are created no matter however they are connected either hostile or differently but they are still interacting with each other and hence influences each other in one way or the other and results in the emergence of certain similar trends. Therefore, what is undeniable is that media globalisation in o ne form or the other has an impact on the lives and consciousness of almost every one cutting across transnational borders, cultures, ethnicity, gender, class, age etc. Thus, global media is rendering almost everyone with something of a cosmopolitan culture. What was once local has become global and the line between the division of global and local is thinning and becoming blurred day by day.