Pride and Prejudice †review Essay

Jane Austen was born on December 16, 1775 to the Reverend George Austen and his wife in Hampshire, England. The sixth child out of the seven, Jane was educated mostly at her home although she and her sister, Cassandra, were sent away to school for several years when they were young. Austen wrote several novels when she was in her teens, but her major works were written later on in her life. ‘Pride and Prejudice’, was first published in 1813. Austen began writing the novel in 1796 at the age of twenty-one. The first title was originally called ‘First Impressions’. Between 1810 and 1812 ‘Pride and Prejudice’ was rewritten for publication. ‘Pride and Prejudice’ is usually considered to be the most popular of Austen’s novels. This novel is mainly about people expressing both pride and prejudice in their relationships. The main theme of the novel is marriage, which reoccurs throughout the story and it is marriage which attracted Lydia to run off with Mr Wickham. There is pressure on women of these times to marry properly this is because the women need to get financial safety, not for just themselves, but also for their families too. In this novel the most important cause of marriage for a woman were financially and a high social position. The first line of the novel justifies this and explains what the novel is about. â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife† (Chapter 1) This is a wonderful introductory line written by Jane Austen to introduce and outline much of this romantic novel. There are various reactions of Lydia going to Brighton by the Bennet family as they all have their own response and thoughts. Mr. Bennet is the husband of Mrs. Bennet and the father of Elizabeth, Jane, Mary, Kitty and Lydia. He is the master of Longbourn. He has a sarcastic humor intelligent and believes his two eldest daughters sensible, while he finds his wife and younger daughters silly. He does wants to be bothered as little as possible by his family. Even when Elizabeth warns him not to allow Lydia to go to Brighton, he does not listen to her because he does not want to be bothered with Lydia’s complaints. Mrs. Bennet is a different person does not really care about her daughter’s education. From the beginning of the novel her only obsession is to marry off her daughters to wealthy men, as she has a greed for wealth. Her only joys come from visiting others and gossip. She is a self-centered person and causes humiliation to the family due to her inappropriate behavior. Elizabeth Bennet is the second oldest of five sisters. Elizabeth is lively, smart, and intelligent. Her father and herself are not too different in their characteristics therefore she has a good relationship with her father and makes decisions wisely due to her intelligence. She is not scared to express her feelings and gets along with people very well except those who think they are far more superior to her, for example Darcy in the beginning but later on through the novel Elizabeth discovers Darcy to be a fine gentleman. Jane Bennet is the eldest Bennet daughter and is considered quite pretty by all has a good relationship with Elizabeth. She is Beautiful, friendly, sweet, sociable, humble and noble. Jane never thinks badly of anybody. Kitty Bennet is the third daughter in the family, and she is more under the influence of Lydia, Kitty follows what ever Lydia does. She effect by Lydia going off to Brighton. Mary Bennet The third oldest of the Bennet sisters, she is the most modest of the five daughters .She dislikes going out into the public, and uses her time studying instead. Lydia Bennet The youngest of the Bennet sisters, she is a self-centered girl who is the flirting kind. However she is the liveliest out of all the sisters. She is the first to get married despite her being a young teenager. She also has similar characteristics to her mother. She doesn’t really care about her family members after her marriage. The various reactions of Lydia going to Brighton are mainly negative. This is due to Lydia’s ridiculous thinking. She’s an extremely self-absorbed teenager. She has a great interest in men and particularly officers. She begins flirting with them once they have settled in the town and also admires and enjoys their presence, and exposes this in freely, in view of the fact that she has no shame. Due to her selfishness Lydia commits foolish acts which affect her and her reputation and mostly has an effect on her family. She shows a negative impression of her family by eloping with Mr Wickham mainly because she also has another four sisters who are keen to get married and their chances of doing so have diminished. She does what she likes without thinking of the consequences to come. It is like she is in a world of her own and doesn’t realise the bad reputation her family is developing because of her immature behaviour. Lydia is invited be her friend to Brighton by Mrs. Forster. Mrs. Bennet is extremely excited and pleased for Lydia’s trip to Brighton and wished all the best for her. â€Å"Mrs Bennet was diffuse in her good wishes for the felicity of her daughter and impressive in her injunctions that she would not miss the opportunity of enjoying herself as much as possible† (Chapter 41) Mrs. Bennet was totally trusting Lydia to go Brighton and thought she was old and mature to take care of her self, awareness to what the entire family is going to face shortly and how it will effect her sister’s chances of marriage. Lydia begins celebrating she is thrilled, perhaps because of the reason that she will be with the presence of the regiment. â€Å"Lydia Flew about the house in restless ecstasy, calling for everyone’s congratulations, and laughing and talking†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chapter 41) She showed this excitement by roaming the house in happiness. She was awareness about her sister Kitty’s feelings and how degraded she feels, lonely and neglected. Kitty doesn’t understand why Mrs. Forster doesn’t ask her to come to Brighton too. â€Å"I cannot see why Mrs. Forster should not ask me as well as Lydia† (Chapter 41) Kitty as mentioned before follows Lydia in what ever she does and feels as though that she should be going as well due to her close relationship with Lydia. She becomes extremely upset, expressive and is envious towards Lydia. â€Å"The separation between her and her family was rather noisy and pathetic. Kitty was the only one who shed tears but she did weep from vexation and envy.† (Chapter 41) Kitty was mostly envious towards Lydia because of her trip to Brighton she was jealous and she wanted to go as much as her sister wanted to go. . She is saddened by the fact that Mrs. Forster requests Lydia to go and not her and can’t do anything about it. â€Å"Though I am not her particular friend. I have just as much right to be asked as she has, and more too, for I am two years older.† (Chapter 41) Kitty cannot accept the fact that she will not be going and exposes her frustration. Kitty gradually becomes resentful of Lydia’s attention. Lydia is unaware of Kitty because of her self-centeredness. Lydia and Kitty are very similar to one another when talking about their characteristics due to this, if Kitty would have gone she would have copied Lydia’s interest of men, and may have also began flirting just like her sister, and soon enough eloping with an officer and getting married just like Lydia. So by Kitty not going she may perhaps have been saved by the hazard she may have faced if she were to go. However, Elizabeth as the second oldest, was entirely aware of the situation and Lydia’s potential and capability, and is worried of what may occur if Lydia does go to Brighton. Mr. Bennet is a person who doesn’t not want to be bothered by his families problems so as a result he does not think about the damage Lydia may cause if she goes. Mr. Bennet just wants quiet and peace; by letting Lydia go perhaps he has the impression that there will be less botheration from his family. As mentioned before, Elizabeth has the same distinctiveness as her father and realizes that Lydia is not mature enough to go to Brighton so she tries and convince her father to think twice. â€Å"If you were aware.† said Elizabeth, â€Å"of the very great disadvantage to us all, which must arise from the public notice of Lydia’s unguarded and imprudent manner; nay, which has already arisen from it, I am sure you would judge differently in the affair.† (Chapter 41) Elizabeth is worried about Lydia going to Brighton and is trying her best to change her fathers mind and trying to stop her father giving Lydia permission to go. She also thinks that Kitty may be affected by this and points this out. â€Å"In this danger Kitty is also comprehended. She will follow wherever Lydia leads. Vain, ignorant, idle, and absolutely uncontrolled! â€Å" (Chapter 41) Kitty follows Lydia in everything she does and Elizabeth realises this and is concerned, and mentions it. Elizabeth also expresses her frustration also by telling her father how the rest of the family can also be affected. Mr. Bennet is well aware of Lydia and her capabilities and her attitude towards men, especially officers, but simply doesn’t care and wants her to leave for the good of the town and possibly the family, as he mentions this to Elizabeth. â€Å"We shall have no peace at Longbourn if Lydia does not go to Brighton.† (Chapter 41) This quotation shows us that Mr. Bennet has no concern about his daughters and can’t be bothered. He fails to complete his duties as a proper father to the family. It may have been because of him not listening to Elizabeth that the bad reputation that Lydia soon gives to the family. This may have happened because of his immature behavior as a father. Despite the argument between Elizabeth and her father, Lydia is still sent to Brighton. After sometime the situation in Longbourn improves and Kitty overcomes her emotions. Later Elizabeth begins to have feelings for Darcy and is quite thrilled when she hears that she is going to meet him while on a trip with her aunty Mrs. Gardiner. Elizabeth arrives at Pemberley where Mr. Darcy was also. Her relationship with Darcy was improving on a regularly for the duration of her stay. She discovered what type of man Darcy actually is. She also gets to meet Georgiana Darcy the sister of Darcy. She is found very pleasant and charming to Elizabeth by surprise. While Elizabeth was on her trip she receives letters, one of them stating that Lydia had eloped with Mr. Wickham, she was shaken by the message and totally astonished that her sister had done such a thing. The emotions Elizabeth was going through made her burst in tears. â€Å"She burst into tears as she alluded to it and for a few minutes could not speak another word, (Chapter 46) Elizabeth is obviously in disbelief and in shock. She is worries about Lydia and the reputation and shame she have bought on the family, she must be also worried about her father feeling because it was his idea to allow Lydia to go in the first place. â€Å"Lydia-the humiliation, the misery, she was bringing on them all, soon swallowed up every private care. (Chapter 46) Jane expresses her devastation and requests that Elizabeth to return as soon as possible since there is disorder and astonishment from this shameless act by Lydia. The whole family regrets sending Lydia to Brighton. M r. Bennet is going through an immensely tense emotional situation. Mr Bennet on the other hand, handles the case with ease and isn’t extremely stressed compared to the rest of the family is. Kitty was told about the news and was not surprised at all, as if she was expecting it from her sister. â€Å"To Kitty, however, it does not seem so wholly unexpected.† (Chapter 47) Jane points out this in her letter. Kitty already has negative feelings about this matter and wasn’t really surprised. Elizabeth is totally overwhelmed by sad emotions mostly due to her absence and her concern for Lydia. Mr Darcy becomes aware of this situation and decides to think of a solution to the problem, as he is trying to build up a relationship with Lydia, this could be the chance to show he cares about her and her family and can feel the pain she is going through whilst thinking about the awful reputation that her family will have to face later on. The Bennets were completely disgraced by this and were mocked and looked bad upon by the community. However, there was still a way for the family to get rid of the reputation, which the family desperately hoped for that to happen was for Wickham to marry Lydia, as that was vital for a better future for the family, especially the sisters as they still have to get married. Mr Darcy shortly takes action and meets Wickham, and completes Wickham’s demands by paying off all his debts off which then soon encouraged Wickham to decide on marring Lydia. While everyone was miserable and disgusted by Lydia’s untrustworthiness and selfishness they were quite soon relieved, after hearing that Wickham was due to marry Lydia. Darcy’s attendance was very important in this and he also deserves an immense amount of praise for doing the right thing and sort out the problem in which Elizabeth was going through. . The matter is soon solved and Lydia is back together along with her family. She feel proud that she is the first out of the five daughters to get married and her parents are very proud too especially their mother as she was excited for her daughters marriages. Conclusion â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† is a book in which we can be taught that having pride and arrogance is not liked to have in your individuality as a person. It destroys your status inside a community an example of this from the book is Mr Darcy, who in due course shows his true qualities and changes from a disliked person to well-liked Lydia is a cheerful young lady after her wedding which Mr. Darcy showed by returning the Bennet’s family reputation the right way by speaking and encouraging his friend Mr. Wickham to marry Lydia as soon as possible On the other hand, her other sister Elizabeth finds herself a man who can become a great husband for her. Mr Darcy establishes this constantly because of his support to Elizabeth and his . Mr and Mrs Bennet, Jane, Kitty and Mary are all happy for Lydia after the family come together after her marriage ceremony. . The elopement of a woman with a man was very common at that time. As we can see from Mrs Bennet’s reaction it is a painful experience upon the mother as well as the entire family. The whole community changes their sight about the Bennet family due to a self-centred person mistake by Lydia. The story also gives us an image of how romance and relationships took place during that time enabling us to compare and contrast it with the present and we can see what sort of relationships went on between the men and women of the 19th century It all shows that how one person and by a mistake can destroy the family and effect everyone else in the family especially the parents.

Outline Christian teaching on Wealth and Poverty Essay

Christians believe that wealth is neither completely good nor bad. Wealth can be a big advantage to those in need an example of a good use of wealth would be building houses and shelter for the homeless, wealth can also promote corruption in our world, providing the incentive for some to abuse their wealth, an example of a bad use of wealth would be buying weapons to commit violent acts. Other sinful things that are cause by wealth are drugs, gambling and prostitution. When people have a lot of wealth they usually commit some of these sins or all of them. Christians also believe that wealth is a good thing, but greed is not. If a wealthy person becomes greedy they start hurting the people among them in order to earn more and more wealth. It is easier for a poor person to give up  £1000 if that’s all they have than a greedy person to do so. Christian teach that wealthy people should be good stewards with their wealth. By this they mean that people have to use their wealth for everyone in need. Also they believe that a persons possessions have a rightful owner which is God. â€Å"Jesus looked around and said to his disciples, â€Å"How hard it is for the rich to enter the kingdom of God!. The disciples were amazed at his words. But Jesus said again, â€Å"Children, how hard is itto enter the kingdom of God! It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.†. Mark 10:23-25. In this quote Jesus is not directly saying that by being rich you wont get into heaven. He is telling them that by being rich it can lead to people not going to heaven. Also he is telling his disciples that the way people use their wealth defines if they are going to heaven or not. He compares the fact of a rich man going to heaven with a camel entering the eye of a needle. He uses this comparison to make believe that if someone becomes rich it is impossible for them to store riches anywhere else except here on earth. Lastly Christians believe and teach that all wealthy people should give to charity and other people who are in poverty. They also believe its their duty to give to the poor as God has given them all this wealth.

“I just want to be Average” by Mike Rose Essay

The essay by Mike Rose made me really think about the purpose of education schools have to offer us. He talks about how a basic exam can determine your whole life; it made me really think about how accurate these tests really are. The purpose of this essay seemed to be how he feels students failures isn’t because of us, its because of the school system overall. He shares how the vocational track is basically portrayed as students who are not motivated to learn. The question he makes us think about is, why are these students so unmotivated to learn? He states how for the most part the teachers are the ones who are not motivated enough to teach them. Basically the teachers have to be there because it’s their job, and from the moment of the student’s first grade the teachers automatically think that they’re UN teachable. Students believe whatever the teacher says so they start believing that their stupid and so they wont try. Later on in the book, Rose talks about Jack MacFarland. He descries him as a unique person, because even though he’s a teacher he puts work to make students understand that all teachers are not the same. 1. Roses’ life in Voc.Ed was a nightmare. R he teachers would basically talk to him like he’s retarded. Roses’ teachers were so unmotivated to teach him. They basically gave up on everyone who was in voc. Ed since day one. 2. Voc. Ed. Basically made everyone not want to learn anything. It affected them in a harsh manner because the students started to believe that they were never going to be anyone in life so they just stop trying all together. Math was a subject that Rose could never come to a full understanding of it because, it was his teachers’ unwillingness to make sure he continually learned this skill. 3. Students, who often see themselves in a negative way, see a negative impact on their schooling. Ken Harvey didn’t necessarily think he should being the Voc. Ed. pathway. He took it out on himself for being led to that pathway. At the end of the day, he knew he couldn’t change it, and other people’s opinions didn’t matter to him, He had to realize that in a classroom like his everyone had their own opinions that often did not match the likes of his. Students often let the opinion of others bring them down and affect them in their academics, but if you set your mind to it at the end of the day no ones opinions really matters accept your own. 4. Jack offers rose the help and support that roses’ teachers would not give him. I think anyone with Roses’ intelligence  can succeed if they put their mind to it. Roses essay makes me think about the reality of this world. How the mistake of the school district can impact your life in a whole different way. How students who are placed in â€Å"slow† classes, basically get no help at all because teachers believe their UN teachable. Don’t people realize that makes a child’s life even worse?

Neoliberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Neoliberalism - Essay Example A contemporary addition is the inclusion of technological changes. According to economic liberals the line between political and economic power is so faint that they both concurrently wield enough propensity to affect society. The main difference however, between economic power and political power is the inherent weakness of efficiency in politics. In order words, the state lacks the capacity to process the information required to facilitate the process of efficient allocation. In a related sense the state beaurocracy can serve as a draw back to meaningful progress, thus the main motivation behind the argument in favor of less state involvement in economic activities in the view of liberals. Soon after the official end of the Second World War, the world witnessed a radical confrontation of the previously held foundational theories of economic liberalism. In many ways this can be said to be a direct result of an emerging global order that divided the world into the "haves" and the "have nots." It became apparent that most of the conventional theories failed to work for the developing world. It therefore sparked off a new dispensation economic theories that sought to address these visible imbalances at all levels.

Equality and Rights Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Equality and Rights - Assignment Example This leads us to respond to the second question regarding which one between rights and equality comes first. From the foregoing description of equality, human rights can be said to enshrine the very tenets of equality. In other words, recognition of equality comes first before declaration of human rights laws to embrace and protect the recognized equality (Vandenhole 52). From a global angle, racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and many related intolerance that have confronted many nations can thus be said to have been due to lack of provision and recognition of the existing equal opportunity for growth (Vandenhole 78). However, the preservation of rights is important since by protecting human rights, human equality and other factors that relate to human relationships and coexistence are also protected constitutionally (Vandenhole 83). Based on the earlier argument, for this reason, when asked as to whether the UN declaration was aimed at protecting human rights or equality? One would be quick to concede the argument presented by Vandenhole (123) that the declaration’s objective was to protect the human right. This is because by protecting the human rights, the declaration would protect within its protective claws the equality of every individual under its umbrella. The declaration was thus intended to embrace the nation’s civil rights and subsequently see to it that disparate unequal treatment of individuals especially in criminal justice systems across the globe ceases to be (Vandenhole 176). However, regressing to the lifestyle led by the founding fathers of the declaration, an opposite of the declaration comes into a picture. The founders were far from achieving a complete equality neither did they give equal opportunity to people different from their own (Vandenhole

Valuation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Valuation - Research Paper Example Coca-Cola Corporation has introduced more than 500 brands and some of the renowned brands are Coke, Diet Coke, Caffeine Free Coca-Cola and Coca-Cola Zero. The company has its presence in more than 200 countries of the world and is more renowned as Coke. More than 1.7 billion people are served every day with the products of Coca-Cola.1 PepsiCo, Inc. (or â€Å"PEP)† is another American based multinational enterprise that operates in the food and beverage industry. Headquarter of PEP is in Purchase, New York. The company was formed in 1965 and since that time it has expanded its brands to more than 200 countries. PEP is the fifth largest food and beverage company in the world in terms of total revenue however in the North American region it is the largest company. There are more than 285 thousand employees working for PepsiCo around the world.2 Food and beverage industry includes food production, distribution, retailing and catering of food and beverages. The total value of this industry in the year 2008 was $5.7 trillion. The growth rate of the industry is expected to increase at a CAGR of 3.5% and it is estimated that the total value of this industry would reach up to $7 trillion by the end of 2014.3 As other industry suffered because of financial crisis, food and beverage industry was also one of the victims of recession. The industry was affected and companies in the industry had to face different problems like increase in food prices, increase in transportation cost and a reduction in consumer spending thus, reducing the profitability of the companies in the industry. PepsiCo is the fifth most important company in this industry with offering different products like snacks, carbonated and non-carbonated drinks. The total revenue of PepsiCo is $43.3 billion USD with a net profit of $5.1 billion. Coca-Cola Corporation is considered to be the seventh most important company in the industry with

Safety before and Since OSHA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Safety before and Since OSHA - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, there is a minimal amount of information available in regards to workplace safety history, because in the late 1800’s industrial labor employers simply did not care about it. Often, the risks in the 19th century were from the use of animals, ladders and hand tools. In the industrial era, steam engines were used to replace these items (Aldrich, 2010). There is no definitive example of the industrial revolution’s dangers increasing, although it is suspect that the United States was more hazardous than other countries. This is due for the most part because of the circumstances of the country itself. Through the invention of new machinery and processes that saved time and money, these new technologies were borne from an intense need of the American people. Thus, the production techniques that were invented were both beneficial and hazardous. Anyone hurt while working or the family of a worker killed would likely sue the company for compensation for these inju ries or death. Actually winning the case was nearly impossible. The employer was often aptly able to prove that the individual understood and assumed the risks, was himself at fault for his own injury, or that another employee was at fault for the accident, because of the lack of proper documentation. Often, the court would rule in favor of the employer, leaving the employee and his family with the expenses and difficulties. This methodology proved to be invaluable to the employer, because accidents and fatalities were so cheap the industrial machinery and development required little reverence to the employees or their safety (Fishback and Kantor, 2000). Probably the most well known as a dangerous occupation is coal mining. In the late 1800’s, the mining of coal was lucrative. Often, these men were paid by the ton of coal they were able to produce, so often safety was less important than production. Without high production rates, the miner would not receive much pay. The same holds true in the building of the railroad systems. There were few workers, the distances that needed to be traveled were immense and the trains could haul more freight than conventional methods. These trains required men to stand between each of the cars so hook and unhook them as well as work the brake system. Given the lack of workers and the wages the few employed were paid, the railroads had to cut corners where they could, which was pay and labor. This led to poorly made railroads, few safety signals and many accidents occurring due to these conditions (Aldrich, 1997). For the majority, the response to the lack of safety was simply walking away from the job. Although there were many people interested in the safety and health of the workforce, they had no pull over any of the companies that employed workers in a hazardous job. It was not until the Safety Appliance Act of 1893 (United States code, 1893) that safety began to take the forefront in the American labor force. Althou gh it was small, it was a start, which subsequently allowed for the government’s establishment of new laws protecting laborers. In 1908, Congress passed a law that allowed an employee to file a claim of injury or fatality, which cost the employers 10 times what it did in the past. This increase in the costs to the company of a liability claim increased awareness and concerns for worker and workplace

Building Supply Chain Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Building Supply Chain Relationships - Essay Example The result of such relationships was simply that the suppliers tended to keep their best ideas for the companies who value the suppliers. There existed an open market for the suppliers. On the side of buyers, the buyers would go for any supplier who has an outstanding reputation in the international market or the supplier that has got the lowest bid. These kind of relationships while having a negative aspect but the companies were able to make profits. Why was it so? The reason to this is explained in the second question. On the other hand long-term relationships were those that were practiced in Toyota, Prato Wool Textile Industry, Airbus and Acer group. These relationships are based on trust, bilateral dependence and mutual friendship and are a more partnership like. There existed more face to face communication, continuous feedback, more collaboration and a high level of commitment from both sides. There is a lot of information sharing in long-term relationships which tends to enh ance the level of trust between the buyer and the supplier.

Purpose and Effects of Section 4 of Human Rights Act Assignment

Purpose and Effects of Section 4 of Human Rights Act - Assignment Example In the case of primary laws, the right simply accrues upon a finding of incompatibility but in the case of secondary laws, there must be a determination of incompatibility in addition to the requirement that the primary legislation relevant to it prevents its removal. Instances, when the courts used this prerogative, is in the cases of International Transport Roth GMBH and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department and the R (H) v Mental Health Review Tribunal N&E London Region.  In Roth, a group of lorry drivers and haulage companies challenged Part II of the Immigration and Asylum Act for being incompatible with convention rights. The said legislation was passed to answer the flagrant clandestine illegal entry by penalizing, among others, the owner, driver, operator, and hirer with a fine of  £2000. The lower court declared the said provisions of law incompatible with Art 6 of the HRA because it penalizes, in effect, a criminal act despite its claim to the contrary and therefore violates Art 6 because the determination of guilt, among others, is single left to the Secretary of State and Art 1 because of the penalty of vehicle detention involved infringement on property rights. On the other hand, in the R(H) case, the court made a determination of incompatibility against s 73 of the Mental Health Act of 1983 on the ground that it violates Art 5 on the Right to Life and Liberty by placing the burden of proof on the applicant rather than the hospital in showing basis for detention of patient in a mental hospital.  As stated, only certain courts enumerated by s 4 can exercise this prerogative. However, the preceding section of the HRA which requires that both primary and secondary legislation â€Å"must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with Convention rights† does not distinguish which courts are obliged or not. The implication is that although not all courts are given the prerogative to declare incompatibility with conv ention rights, all courts must nevertheless take into consideration the issue of compatibility but apply the national law just the same. The remedy in such cases is an appeal to a higher court with the power to declare such incompatibility.

What Ministerial Ordination Means to Me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What Ministerial Ordination Means to Me - Essay Example Everyone can access it but not everyone chooses to focus on it, or emphasizes it in daily living or honours it first. Being ordained means that I do. Those who do not understand have challenged me with the charge that being non-denominational means practicing a hodge podge of bits and pieces that do not come down from a direct scriptural lineage. In my ministry, I practice Integrated Energy Therapy (IET), which involves releasing the energy patterns from the past, which limit one’s capacity for power and joy. The outcome of this healing modality is that the person becomes empowered and balanced. In order to do this work, I too must allow any energy patterns from the past to be released, so that I too empowered and balanced. Only from this place can I help others. I make myself available for communication with angels. I make use of the violet energy ray, with the help of healing angels, to work directly with the client’s 12 strand DNA. ... Energy flows through me and is accepted by the client, applied to wherever it is needed. My intention is only to make my body and spirit available for this energy to flow through, without obstruction. Being ordained is a marking of this understanding that it is not me, not my agenda, not my power, but is universal energy moving though me. Being ordained is a declaration of availability. Being ordained means keeping myself in a positive energetic space, as much as possible, so that I can model and invite positive influence for the benefit of my clients. It means that I consistently think about what is good and beneficial, because the Law of Attraction teaches that like attracts like. Focusing on dark thoughts will invite darkness, but focusing on positive thoughts invites the Light. I have heard the opinion expressed that a minister is called by God, that being ordained is an affirmative reply to that call. To me, being ordained is a seal on my commitment to myself, the channeling of cosmic energy and to my community. It is a formal answer to the cosmic call I have heard with my deepest being. This call is an invitation to take on responsibility to organize my life ministry, to serve others, to provide an example of living in which every act is sacred. I am human and therefore I have ignorance, jealousy, vanity, insecurity, fear, greed, and other obstructions of the Light. How can I lead? I am, at the same time, blessed with compassion, empathy, an open heart, appreciation, the sight of miracles, and other gifts that promote contact with the Light. Through grace, I reach for Light, and I help others who long for it, as I do. But what is my tradition and what are its boundaries? Ordination means being connected to a

Media Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media Studies - Essay Example This essay approves that newspapers existed on the earth in some form or other because of man’s innate tendency to know news and share it with other fellow men. People disseminated news by word of mouth, written correspondence or public notices before the development of printing technology. As more people learned to read and write, news reports became more. Ancient Rome had a particularly stylish system for spreading written news. The process of consolidation of the press and other tools of mass communication has been taking place in US and Canada in a big way. This process might spread to other parts of the world with the emergence of globalization as an unavoidable phenomenon in the world today. The number of newspapers in circulation keep on declining in most U.S. and Canadian cities. Many cities today have only one newspaper publisher. In Canada, only six cities are supplied by two or more independently owned newspapers. In more than 170 American cities, a solo publisher p roduces both a morning and an evening paper. Fewer than 30 U.S. cities have rival papers with different ownership. This report makes a conclusion that we are at the threshold of globalization, a phenomenon that is unavoidable. However, we need the systems in place to guard the values and ideals that man has developed over many years. To make the purpose of the press and other media as only providers of entertainment and statistical enumeration of data is a subservient role that we give to the media. Media has a much more important role to play in the world today as a remedial force and as a forum for engaging in healthy debates on cardinal issues of our times.

Preventing Obesity to Prevent Diabetes Essay Example for Free

Preventing Obesity to Prevent Diabetes Essay Diabetes is an ailment in which the human body refuses to produce or make appropriate use of insulin. Insulin happens to be a hormone which is required to convert starches, sugar and other foods into energy for everyday life. Although the causes of diabetes remain as a mystery, many medical experts believe that genetics and poor lifestyle choices – e g. lack of exercise – that result in obesity may very well be responsible for the disease (â€Å"Diabetes†). Of course, when insulin is prevented from converting starches, sugar and other foods into energy, metaphorically speaking, it is as though a person has lost a leg or an arm, especially when the individual is just a child. At a growing stage, children’s bodies should be effectively converting foods into energy, so that they can develop into mentally and physically healthy people – the future of our world. Besides, all kinds of preventable abnormalities are equally harmful. Imagine the effect on a child’s self-esteem, not only when he or she is called ‘fat and clumsy’ by his or her slim and fit classmates, but also when he or she must undergo treatment for diabetes at the time that his or her classmates are at play. The International Obesity TaskForce reports that almost 1. 7 billion people around the world â€Å"are at a heightened risk of weight-related, non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes (â€Å"Diabetes and Obesity†). Moreover, the International Diabetes Federation has predicted that by 2025, the number of people with diabetes, including children, may reach at least 333 million (â€Å"Diabetes and Obesity†)! Insulin is responsible for taking the sugar from the human blood to the human cells. If glucose starts to build up in the blood rather than going to the cells, two problems may result: (1) The cells could become energy-starved; and (2) Eventually the high blood glucose level may start to hurt the eyes, nerves, kidneys or heart (â€Å"Diabetes†). Unsurprisingly, such suffering is very difficult for a child to bear. Fortunately, however, individuals that are suffering from diabetes may seek their doctors’ advice apart from making changes in their lifestyles to prevent these problems. If the person suffering from diabetes is overweight, the doctor may recommend weight loss. Effective weight reduction plans, in addition to â€Å"increased physical activity,† may help the diabetic person to a large extent (â€Å"Diabetes and Lifestyle†). According to a report published by the World Health Organization, â€Å"more than 22 million children under five years old are obese or overweight, and more than 17 million of them are in developing countries. Each of these children is at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes†¦ (â€Å"Fight Childhood Obesity to Help Prevent Diabetes†). † Obviously, this is expert opinion on the relationship between obesity and diabetes. If a child is watching television or playing video games most of the time and becoming obese, his or her parents should be sending the child to run around with his or her friends in a park instead. Seeing that children in developing countries are also suffering from obesity, and therefore the risk of developing diabetes, it is clear that obesity may be inherited to boot. Children of poor families do not get enough to eat in any case. What is more, if and when they develop diabetes, their families cannot afford to get them treated. But, even if a child’s parents can afford to get him or her treated, medical treatment is more expensive than prevention of obesity. The California Department of Education reports that â€Å"[o]verweight children and youths are more prone to developing serious health problems now and in the future (â€Å"Final Task Force Recommendations†). After all, this is the age of McDonald’s and Burger King, which makes it even more important to prevent obesity in children as well as adults. It is easy to buy a hamburger from Wendy’s on the way back from school – both for the mom and the child. However, the cost of sickness is much higher than the convenience of a drive through fast food restaurant. Everybody wants children to flourish and help the nation and the entire world to prosper as well. Besides, all health experts are of one voice as far as the relationship between diabetes and obesity is concerned. The fact that most people diagnosed with diabetes are obese, be they adults or children – makes it necessary to check obesity. It has been timelessly stated: we are what we eat. Therefore, it is best for both children and adults to be nourished by healthy foods. Fruits and vegetables are always considered superior to fats and hamburgers. Exercise and keeping fit are always better than excess weight. Nobody has ever doubted that human beings love to eat good food. At the same time, however, it must be borne in mind that obesity may turn into a severe disorder. It may negatively affect the individual’s mental state, by lowering his or her self-esteem. What is more, a child that is fed on McDonald’s five times a week may eventually become incapable of studying in school if diabetes ends up hurting his or her eyes. Mothers too may be rendered helpless as far as housework is concerned. Undoubtedly, therefore, in the case of diabetes, it must be timelessly stated: obesity prevention is better than cure.

Analysis of Jean-Luc Godard

Analysis of Jean-Luc Godard ‘The auteur theory can be summarised most simply as an acknowledgement of the director as the primary and shaping force behind a film’ (Craig Keller). How is Godard’s ‘primary and shaping influence’ detectable, if indeed, it is? Introduction The auteur theory was a principle developed in the 1950s by a group of French film critics namely: Eric Rohmer, Francois Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard. It was their belief that an auteur was â€Å"the single individual most responsible for whatever personal expression (if any) a movie yielded up under critical analysis†. This definition has become the most universally understood of the auteur theory and therefore the one which will be referred to during this dissertation. These critics wanted to see an end to la tradition de la qualità © of conventional cinema of the 1930s and 1940s a period coined le cinà ©ma de papa. They viewed films produced at that time to be â€Å"literary†, â€Å"lifeless† and not â€Å"truly cinematic†. Inspired by fellow film critic Alexandre Astruc’s camera-stylo theory arguing that â€Å"filmmakers should use their equipment as spontaneously, flexibly and personally as a writer uses a pen† these young critics began to break the constraints of conventional cinema. Prior to the development of the auteur theory, a large majority of films were produced, shot and edited in similar styles. Large studios, with fixed cameras and scriptwriters having overall control were common, thus creating a rigid style of film production. However, in the 1950s and 60s, a period labelled the Nouvelle Vague, French cinema was completely revolutionised. During this time films moved away from the confines of the big studios and artificial lighting; to outside, using light weight Arriflex cameras which sped up the film process. During this period directors began to experiment with several new cinematic techniques whilst implementing their own personal artistic values in films. These directors came to be known as auteurs becoming the ‘primary and shaping force’ behind their films, manipulating scenes to fit their style rather than employing the traditional method of following scriptwriter’s prompts. In terms of the auteur theory Jean-Luc Godard was seen as the truly radical auteur. By most he is today seen as one of the most innovative and artistic directors having created his own ‘Godard style’. As Godard himself suggests, â€Å"les vrais auteurs des films sont les producteurs†¦le cinema n’a d’avenir que si la camera finit par remplacer le stylo†. Godard epitomises a director out to challenge traditional cinema. Through such films as Vivre sa Vie: Film en douze tableaux (1962) and Une femme est une femme he began to interrogate and illuminate conventional cinema via new cinematic and artistic techniques. This dissertation will assess the extent to which Jean-Luc Godard’s ‘primary and shaping influence’ is detectable in his films. In the main body of this dissertation I will consider Godard’s ability to implement his own cinematic style through several inventive techniques. I will consider his ability to challenge the barriers between off screen and on screen reality. Furthermore, I will analyse his use of camera shots, editing techniques, colour and sound so as to demonstrate his pivotal influence on the shaping of his films. I will however, also argue that any kind of definition of the auteur theory oversimplifies the realities of a film making process and can therefore not be seen as a definitive theory. Andrew Sarris explains, one of the premises for an auteur is that the director must ‘exhibit certain recurring characteristics of style which serve as his signature†¦over a group of his films’. I will, therefore, make reference to four of Godard’s films: A bout de Souffle (1960), Une femme est une femme (1961), Vivre sa vie: Film en douze tableaux (1962) and Le Mepris (1963) to demonstrate how Godard yields personal influence in his films. One of Godard’s premises as a film director was his belief that realism was a pivotal part of film making. Godard believed that realism attempted by conventional cinema was â€Å"never exactly the same as reality, and in cinema it is of necessity faked†. It was therefore Godard’s intention to continually experiment with new ideas and make his actors improvise in certain scenes in order to encapsulate what he believed would be the closest thing to real life. Following the release of A Bout de Souffle actor Jean-Pierre Melville who played Parvulesco in the film said Godard’s movie was â€Å"anything shot anyhow†. Godard himself confirmed that â€Å"on A Bout de Souffle I used to write the evening before shooting†. According to Godard, the reason for him doing this was because â€Å"I liked to be surprised. If you know in advance everything you are going to do, it isn’t worth doing. If a show is all written down, what is the point of filming it? What use is cinema if it trails after literature?† Godards obsessive need to shape the smallest minutiae made him standout amongst his peers by firmly embedding him as the autonomous force behind all aspects of the film making process. In addition, if one reads the script of Le Mà ©pris it clearly shows his belief in improvisation to encapsulate real life. In the thirty minute apartment scene in which Camille and Paul argue, the only direction is â€Å"man in hat. Man in towel. Blond woman. Woman in black wig. Sheets on coach. Sheets off couch. Dishes on table. Love. Anger. Contempt. Tenderness.† This therefore forced the actors to improvise in the hope that the scene would be more realistic than just learning their lines by heart. This idea of filmmaking was revolutionary at the time and was a way in which Godard was implementing his own directional style to his movies. As Kreidel suggested in 1980 â€Å"[N]o one has yet made a more modern cinema than Godard†. For those familiar with Godard’s work the quote used above ‘anything shot anyhow’ should strike a chord. His use of the camera to manipulate scenes to exert his own artistic influence over his movies was just one of the ways in which his primary influence was detectable. Godard employed a range of new cinematic techniques in an attempt to escape the classical idea of a passive audience. His work was heavily influenced by Bertolt Brecht’s theory of Brechtian distanciation which encouraged the audience to make their own interpretations of what they were experiencing rather than them being simply led through a piece of theatre. Godard was influenced by Brecht’s theory in encouraging the active engagement of his audience, â€Å"he breaks the illusion of the fourth wall in order to communicate directly with the audience, usually in such an enigmatic way that he seems to be satirising the whole of communication†. In a key scene in A Bout de Souffle Michel, one of the lead protagonists, is filmed having a conversation with himself whilst driving. Traditionally this type of scene would be shot using a fly on the wall technique, Godard instead, by making Michel talk directly at the camera, creates the impression that Michel is directing his words at the audience. Manipulating the camera lens to involve the audience was just one of the techniques that Godard employed. In the opening scene in Vivre sa Vie he utilises a very different technique alienation. Rather than filming this scene in the traditional head-on format Godard places the camera lens behind the lead characters heads. In doing so the audience feels alienated from the conversation between the characters Nana and Raoul especially as their reflection in the mirror distances themselves even more from the audience. In addition, Godard never films the two characters in the same shot which not only highlights the divide between the characters but also the audience from the characters conversation. As Godard himself suggests â€Å"I also converge with the theatre through language: in my film one must listen to people speaking, particularly as their backs are often turned so that one is not distracted by their faces†. By shooting this scene from behind Godard does just that. He forces the audience to interpret the scene through what they hear and not what they see. By exploiting these techniques Godard is undoubtedly heavily exerting his influence on these films as an auteur. Godard’s use of the camera to exert a primary influence on his work often manifests itself in less obvious ways. He frequently extends the length of a single shot or slows down his camera movements to provide the viewer with adequate time to concentrate on a specific image. In Le Mà ©pris Godard is forced to do a slow panning shot in one of the final scenes of the film when Odysseus returns home to Ithica. Godard’s use of colour is so bold in this scene that if he quickly panned across the scene it would not give his viewers adequate time to concentrate on the composition of the colours. The scene is filmed in such a way that it adds to its artistic content. In much the same way as a writer’s style of writing changes or a painters brush strokes alter throughout their career, Godard’s style evolves throughout his films. He employs different techniques in each film but the one constant is his shaping influence on each of his works. In conventional cinema, colour was generally used in order to increase the commerciality of films. When it was occasionally used, it enhanced the mood in separate scenes. Godard employed a far more ambitious use of colour in his work. In his first two colour films Une femme est une femme and Le Mà ©pris he predominantly used primary colours due to his interest in â€Å"modern art: straight color, ‘pop’ art†. Godard used bold primary colours to indicate the characterisation and narrative development in his films but in such a way that it did not act upon the viewer in a directly sensual way. In Godard’s first colour film Une femme est une femme, Angela is intent on having a child with her husband Emile. Emile however, is not so keen on the idea and appears rather blasà © about the subject; he predominantly wears blue in the film which symbolises his rather laid back nature. After being repeatedly refused by Emile on the topic of having a baby, Angela goes to Emile’s friend Albert to have an affair in the hope to conceive. Albert despite being happy to oblige feels no real affection for Angela and this is shown as he mainly wears grey symbolising his disinterest in her. In Godard’s second colour film Le Mà ©pris, he continues the pattern of using colour to represent characters personalities but tends to also use colour to depict how characters emotions towards each other evolve throughout the movie. In the opening scene, Camille is lying in bed with Paul asking him if he loves different parts of her body. In this scene, Godard uses colour filters which are seen as a representative of what is going to happen in the film. If one considers that red symbolises love, white incertitude and blue coldness then it maps out what happens in the film, love to ambivalence to contempt. Furthermore, Godard manipulates colour to mirror personalities. Paul the scriptwriter in the film is seen in a grey suit with blue specks highlighting his passive personality. Jerry the ambitious American film producer is mostly seen in a blue suit, red tie and driving a red sports car which in turn suggests his dominant personality and his lust for Camille. In addition, Camille is shown in several coloured dresses throughout the film so as to emphasize her continual change of emotions. Finally Francesca, Jerry’s secretary wears a red jumper in the scene when she seduces Paul which again emphasizes Godard’s attempt to symbolise emotional currents in the film. It is important to note that several critics have suggested that Godard’s use of primary colours can also be seen as a referent to American musicals, a genre which fascinated Godard. This referent is most evidently seen in the opening credits of Une femme est une femme when bold colourful words flash up on the screen like neon lights, reflecting the lavishness of the American musical. Furthermore, other critics suggest that the primary colours are a referent to either the French flag or American flag. The extensive analysis of these critics suggests that they themselves acknowledge Godard as playing a decisive role in the production of his films. One of Godards most revolutionary impacts on French cinema was his use of editing. Prior to the Nouvelle Vague, directors were focused on attempting to reduce the awareness of the film making process for the audience; enhancing what directors felt was reality.   They would therefore use techniques such as continuity editing which prevented the audience from being aware of any cuts in between scenes, enabling them to be swept up in the film. Godard however, had a strong belief about the basics of cinema in which mise en scà ©ne (the content of individual shots) is continually inflected, articulated and transformed by montage (the editing that drives a film from one shot to another. With this strong belief Godard began to edit using techniques such as the jump-cut. The jump-cut was employed by Godard in his first motion picture A bout de Souffle. Due to a need to reduce the length of the film, Godard systematically cut out whatever could be cut, while trying to maintain some rhythm†. An example of his use of jump-cuts was in the scene when Michel, the criminal, is recognised by a police officer and therefore Michel decides to shoot him. In this scene Godard zooms in on the barrel of the gun which is about to be fired by Michel. Suddenly, when Michel fires the gun there is a jump-cut and the next image is the police officer falling to the ground having been hit. Another notable example of his use of jump cut came later in the film when Patricia is riding in a stolen convertible with Michel. In this scene there are up to seven jump-cuts of Patricias head, creating discontinuity in the scene in a very clear ‘Godard style’. Whilst many critics at the time found his use of jump-cut confusing and disruptive to the flow of the film; many others recognized his â€Å"jagged unruly montage heightened the jagged, unruly mood of a story propelled more by the whims of his characters than the dictates of a predetermined story, which is something evident in his film A bout de Souffle. As has been demonstrated it is clear that Godard exerted considerable influence over the editing process. It is clear that Godard’s films are characterised by a set of stylistic methods. Principally amongst these methods is his use of sound. Prior to the Nouvelle Vague, sound was employed in film to replicate audibly the visual emotion of a scene in order to captivate the audience and make a scene appear more ‘realistic’. Martin Heidegger highlights this tradition by suggesting that viewers have become accustomed to sound’s â€Å"elegant effects† and thus treats them as real. Godard however, firmly believed that in ‘faking’ sound to captivate the audience, one is taking away the realism that he wanted to convey in his films. A point agreed by Richard Roud who suggested that â€Å"even in the most so-called realist film, sound has always been an exception†. It was therefore Godard’s intention to restore sound so that it would captivate ‘real life’ by refusing to edit or remix any previously recorded track, which he defined as sonic realism. One of Godard’s most notable examples of this was seen in A Bout de Souffle. Due to the sound being naturally recorded there are several scenes in the film when some of the character’s conversations are muffled by natural noises. The use of natural sound reaches a peak during the scene in Patricia’s apartment when the noise of the sirens bellowing in through the open window actually drowns out the character’s dialogue. Rather than being a distraction that takes the viewer out of the moment, the use of natural sound here, and throughout the film, only heighten the realism. After all, in life, it would be unrealistic to sit in a room with an open window in the centre of Paris and not hear any intrusive sounds. Jean Collet praises Godard’s creation of realism through sound stating â€Å"[Godard applies] to sound the same demands as for the pictures. [He captures] life in what it offers to be seen-and to be heard-directly.† Godard’s artistic use of sound did change in his career with the development of post-synchronised sound. Prior to the Nouvelle Vague, direct sound was used in films such as A Bout de Souffle. However, with the development of post-synchronised sound Godard was able to talk to the actors whilst filming so as to direct them and after synchronise the sound with the film footage. This also enabled him to implement his artistic Brechtian style of filmmaking in which he alienated his audience. In the opening scene in Vivre sa Vie, Godard uses the soundtrack in ten to twenty second bursts. The scene shows shots of Anna Karina’s face at different angles. In conventional cinema, music would generally play consistently throughout this scene to highlight the emotional state. Godard however, plays it in bursts creating discontinuity in the scene as the soundtrack stops at random intervals. As has been demonstrated, Goddard employs a wealth of techniques in his films to manipulate sound. In playing such a pivotal role, he firmly entrenches himself as the key player in his work. Rarely before had cinema seen someone wield such a crucial influence over all aspects of the film making process. Second Section It is undeniable that Godard has produced some of the most inspiring and innovative films through his use of story line and cinematic techniques. His exploitation of light, colour, and sound, editing and alienating the audience showed Godard had revolutionised traditional French cinema and in doing so has inspired modern day film directors such as Quentin Tarrantino. However, in using Keller’s summary that an auteur is simply the primary and shaping force of his films it is unquestionably oversimplifying the realities of the film making process. As Godard changed so much in his films compared to traditional cinema it is not possible for him to be praised for every aspect of his films creation. Godard said in an interview in 1983: â€Å"I find it useless to keep offering the public the ‘auteur’. In Venice, when I got the prize of the Golden Lion I said that I deserve only probably the mane of this lion, and maybe the tail. Everything in the middle should go to all the others who work on the picture: the paws to the director of photography, theface to the editor, the body to the actors. I don’t believe in the solitude of†¦the auteur with a capital A†. Furthermore, Godard admitted that him and the likes of Truffaut, Rohmer and Rivette whilst taking the plaudits for the auteur theory, exaggerated the significance of the theory so as to establish personal expression as one of the primary values in Nouvelle Vague films. Several theorists have also raised doubts as to the significance of the auteur. Foulcault and Roland Barthes suggest that all creative ideas are moulded by the social and political forces that surround us. They go on to state that ideas are contrived from the knowledge that one has gained from past experiences. If one puts this in the context of Godard’s films it would suggest that Godard’s cinematic ideas and techniques were influenced by what he has learnt from past experiences. An example of this can be seen in his indirect use of Brechtian distanciation. Whilst it is evident that he was inspired by Brecht’s idea of alienating the audience to prevent them from being passive observers can one really claim that Godards cinematic techniques were not the result of Brecht’s indirect influence? Furthermore, when analysing many of Godard’s films, Godard refers to several quotes from the likes of William Faulkner and Edgar Poe. These are quotes which could have been easily edited but instead Godard â€Å"taste for quotation† suggests that he is not the primary and shaping force in his films. Language One of Godard’s obsessions as a director was his use of language and his belief that words could represent anything. Whether his characters are just mouthing words or when they say one thing and then immediately contradict it, it exhibits his desire to become a writer through his films. In doing this he is challenging the use of words and at the same time expressing his desire to be an author, similar to that of being a novelist or playwright. He wants to aspire to the status of being a writer as though cinema is some sort of parvenu that can find legitimacy by talking about poetry of cinema and therefore elevating it to that status. Godard therefore investigated how meaningful words can express the way you feel, through his use of subtitles, language through signs and translation. Vivre sa Vie is a good example of this as the characters speak different languages and therefore need an intermediary, Francesca to put their views across. Furthermore, in one of the final scenes of Le Mepris Camille and Jerry, despite not speaking the same language use signs to express their thoughts. Camille states that she likes to type by gesturing her fingers typing on an imaginary typewriter and Jerry who gestures his reaction to this with his hands stating that she is crazy. One could also suggest that Godard is expressing his own views through the use of language. In certain scenes of Vivre sa Vie it almost appears as if Godard is either articulating his opinions through voiceovers or, uses the characters as mouth pieces of his thoughts. When Nana speaks to the philosopher she says â€Å"that we are all responsible for our actions, we are free, I am responsible (which she repeats five times)†¦you only have to take an interest in things, things are what they are, life is life.† Furthermore, in the scene when Raoul reads an extract of Edward Poe’s book†¦which is in fact Godard doing a voiceover. This Godard style is also a very good alienating technique, as whether he is speaking implicitly or explicitly he is constantly reminding the viewer that he is making a film of which he is the director. So you are therefore never able to simply surrender to the naturalistic credibility of the language in films which was the case in conventional cinema. Rather he is deliberately making the viewer aware of the film making process.

HRM contributions to an organisation

HRM contributions to an organisation Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization. Human Resource Management is the organizational function that deals with issues related to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training (http://humanresources.about.com) In a short way to say about HRM is putting the right people to the right task and vice-versa to get the maximum output for an organization in a process. The people/workforce is represents one of its most potent and valuable resources in any organizations. In this assignment I am going to discuss Human Resource Management (HRM) how (HRM) contribute the Three HR policies across two diverse organisations. How an organisation ¿Ã‚ ½s structureand culture contribute to HR performance Evaluate HR policy in a given organisation. Organisations. Asda ASDA is a British supermarket. Asda provide a service to their consumers. There service consists of providing their customers with food, clothing, toys, electrical appliances and general merchandise. They also have a mobile network, called Asda Mobile. Their main rivals in this sector are Tescos, Marks and Spencers, Morrisons and Sainsbury. Asad have more than 143,126 employees. (www.asda.com.uk). Sainsburys Sainsburys PLC is a major retailing supermarket based in England. Sainsburys provide a service to there consumers. There service consists of providing there customers with domestic grocery and in many store electrical appliances such as television, DVD players and many other electrical appliances. There main rivals in this sector are Tescos, Marks and Spencers, Asda and Morrison ¿Ã‚ ½s. Sainsburys have more then 758 stores including local Sainsburys. Task 1 Three HR policies of Asda and Sainsburys 1. Recruitment and selection 2. Training and development 3. Employee ¿Ã‚ ½s relation 1. Recruitment and selection: Recruitment is defined as  ¿Ã‚ ½practices and activities carried out by the organisation with the primary purpose of identifying and attracting potential employees ¿Ã‚ ½ (Barber, 1998). At Asda, the objective of recruitment and selection is to attract and recruit the right person, with the attitude while maximally utilising the available resource at its disposal. Asda has a policy set to bring in the best candidates to fit a particular post. The process described is applied in my organization and this process begins with the identification of a vacancy to the process where the actual person fit for the job is found. Sainsbury has a policy set to bring in the best candidates to fit a particular post. The process described by of Atkinson J (1984) is applied in my organization and this process begins with the identification of a vacancy to the process where the actual person fit for the job is found,i.e defining requirement, attracting potential employees, interviewing and selecting the appropriate person for the job Objectives of recruitment and selection Asda The process of achieving this objective at Asda human resource planning this has to do with describing the job available, person specification and contractual matter. To obtain the quantity and quality of employees required to achieve the objectives of the organization which is being the leading retailer in the UK and Putting customers first in all and behaving with integrity in meeting customers day to day food and service needs.Ensuring that the best candidate is chosen for the job as this will lead to company ¿Ã‚ ½s objectives being met as profits will increase. In my organization, they have been able to employ the right kind of people needed to achieve the set objectives as they have an effective and planned style of recruitment which starts from recognizing the need to fill a vacancy with an identified job analyses, job description and person specification and this leads them to communicating and contacting the internal and external labour who may be interested. Internal because sometimes they promote existing staff to fill the vacancy depending on the availability of the skills and attribute required. Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s To obtain the quantity and quality of employees required to achieve the objectives of the organization which is being the leading small format food retailer in the UK and Putting customers first in all and behaving with integrity in meeting customers day to day food and service needs. Ensuring that the best candidate is chosen for the job as this will lead to company ¿Ã‚ ½s objectives being met as profits will increase. Getting the recruitment process right. Very important as the HRM is responsible for this. Money will be lost if the process is done wrong or badly. In my organization, they have been able to employ the right kind of people needed to achieve the set objectives as they have an effective and planned style of recruitment which starts from recognizing the need to fill a vacancy with an identified job analyses, job description and person specification and this leads them to communicating and contacting the internal and external labour who may be interested. Internal because sometimes they promote existing staff to fill the vacancy depending on the availability of the skills and attribute required. From those that have applied a selection is made base on the ones most likely to fulfil the requirement of Sainsbury especially with regards to customer relations and this includes reviewing the applications, interviewing among others. for Sainsbury interview tools has helped them to place candidate at ease, because it is face to face , it is interactive and allows them to assess the appearance, inter personal and communication skills. This has enabled them to select employees that have the technical competence and ability to perform certain task, have the potential for training, development and promotion. Because they are customer focused, these process has helped them to identify candidates that are sociable, who can work harmoniously and fit into the cultural and social structure of Sainsbury bearing in mind the importance of compliance with all the legal requirements relating to employment and equal opportunity. They have also been able to archive there set objective through effe ctive recruitment and selection process . 2. Training and development Once a worker joins an organisation, then it would be useful to train and develop the person in order to maximise his/her human recourse potential. They note that due to the ever increasing competition among present day organisation, companies need to have more sophisticated employees. (Gray and Smiltzer, 1989). Objective of training and development Asda In Asda organization, training and development is a manpower strategy linked to the overall strategy, this is done by determining the training needs of the employees thru appraisal, analyses of job e moral requirement and corporate analysis. In Asda the purpose each training is identified and clears, it is usually in-house or thru external arrangements. This trainings are effective because at the end of the training, usually they would distribute end of course questionnaires which measures the reaction of the trainees, interviews are conducted, observations of improvement on job performance made and career development. This you can also see in the enthusiastic spirit among the staff. By training the staff, they are equipped for the task ahead which is giving improved quality service and these means the achievement of target, goals and objectives measured in terms of output, productivity, quality . Sainsbury To update the knowledge of the employee on current legislation To improve skills and qualifications To increase confidence and competence To motivate employees this encourages higher productivity To improve health and safety. 3. Employee ¿Ã‚ ½s relation Employee relation is a modern terms alternative user former industrial relation in present time. The culture of organisation is important aspect of employment relation which contributes to the success of an organisation. It is also a mix of beliefs, values, mission, approaches to thinking and understanding. (Daniels, 2006) Objective of Employee ¿Ã‚ ½s relation Employees and industrial relation focus on the moral and motivation of employee ¿Ã‚ ½s communicating and consulting with staff building up a strong relationship with employee ¿Ã‚ ½s representative to make sure that employees are aware that of all decision. Asda In Asda we have strong relation between employee and management. It is the responsibility of HRM department of Asda to make sure the contribution of employees in decision making. Asda is also providing a supervisor to correct the performance of employees. Information that provided to employees is to promote a better understanding of management goals and policies. Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s Give feedback on the employees work Make salary and promotion decisions as fair as possible Give employees an opportunity to participate in decisions affecting them Allow for career development and training To improve the efficiency of the organization by ensuring that individual employees are performing to the best of their ability and developing their potential for improvement. Task 2 Organisation ¿Ã‚ ½s structure and culture contribute to HR performance and evaluate referring to two theoretical models. 1. Organisation ¿Ã‚ ½s structure and culture impact on the management of HR. 2. Models of HRM. TWO HUMAN RESOURCES (HRM) MODELS Two HMR models partial used In Sainsbury 1. The Harvard Framework Model 2. The matching Model of HRM The Harvard Framework Model The other founding fathers of HRM were the Harvard School of Beer et al (1984) who developed what Boxall (1992) calls the Harvard Framework .This framework is based on the belief that the problems of historical personnel management can only be solved when general develop a view point of how they wish to see employees involved and developed by the enterprise and of what HRM policies and practices may achieve those goals .Without either a central philosophy or a strategic vision which can be provided only by general managers.HRM is likely to remain set of independent activities , each guided by its own practice tradition. As also explained earlier we can see that Sainsbury survival and growth have mainly been dependent on the fact that the Harvard Framework is partially followed where in Managers across Sainsbury are being given responsibilities for selecting, motivating, developing and evaluating employees. All managers are therefore taking on human resource responsibilities. Employees are the most important resources in Sainsbury, particularly in creating a competitive edge Managers across Sainsbury are being given responsibilities for selecting, motivating, developing and evaluating employees. All managers are therefore taking on human resource responsibilities. Has Employees are the most important resources in Sainsbury, particularly in creating a competitive edge. The matching Model of HRM One of the first explicit statements of the HRM concept was made by Michigan School (Fombrun et al, 1984).They held that HR systems and the organization structure should be managed in a way that is congruent with the organizational strategy (hence the name matching model). They further explained that there is a further human resource cycle, which consists of four generic processes or functions that are performed in all organizations. The first and the most important among them is Selection  ¿Ã‚ ½matching available human resources to jobs is one among them that has been a key to the success of Sainsbury the reason being that as explained earlier that the Recruitment process are of two kinds external and Internal recruitment and according to the Matching Model Which is largely applied in Sainsbury the Recruitment is done internally by using Internal Job posting and no doubt has been a very successful thing ,has the individuals who are selected already have a hands on experience with the post that they have applied for as they do get trained skills required to fulfill that role by doing multitasking by carrying on doing their work and also learning the skills required for the new job that they are applying for out of their own interest voluntarily. Task 3 Evaluate HR policy in a given organisation. 1. Critically analyse at least three HR policies in an organisation . 2. Recommendations for improvement 1. Critical Evaluation Sainsbury require the assistance of staff to carry out the daily activities related to the nature of the organization. The people are all-important members of staff to Sainsbury and fulfil a key role in its operation. Sainsbury would not be successful without all the sophisticated technology but for human beings are responsible for setting up correctly, pressing the right buttons and repairing it if it malfunctions. Once inside Sainsbury staff performs various duties in connection with their roles and Sainsbury expects their work to be of a satisfactory standard, completed within a timescale and to be cost effective. Training is provided to help employees improve their levels of efficiency and this is rewarded with promotion or a bonus in recognition of their efforts. None of this would occur if the managers had not selected potential workers in a careful way. The skills required can be identified and matched against the abilities of people looking for work. If Sainsbury takes on sta ffs who are unsuitable, it can cause a number of problems, e.g.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Poor productivity levels,  ¿Ã‚ ½ Bad feeling among staff  ¿Ã‚ ½ Dissatisfaction about the job  ¿Ã‚ ½ High level of absenteeism  ¿Ã‚ ½ Customer complaints  ¿Ã‚ ½ Dismissal or resignation  ¿Ã‚ ½ The search for a replacement. In order to avoid issues as above Sainsbury use several methods of evaluating Human Resource Performance. Critical Incident File The use of the critical Incident file is very essential in Sainsbury has staffing time plays a key role in the proper functioning of the store/restaurant , however critical Incident files of different colours are used by managers to make certain entries for different reasons , for example if an employee gets an appreciation from the customer an entry is made under his or her name in a green file and if an employee is late the entry is made in a yellow file and if there is a NCNS (No call no show ) an entry is made in a red file and all the data is gather for the performance appraisal period and used to rate the employee. Balance Score Card In Sainsbury information contained in a balance score card is displayed on the notice board on a daily basis, it shows the sales that have been made not only the previous day but up to details of sales made in the previous shift as well whether it be morning, afternoon or night shift, this actually motivates the employees again to perform to their best in their respected and delivery the best. Year on year achievements and opportunities and related information is also shared on a Intranet which is called has Sainsbury Our lounge and also through emails. Gap Buster In our Sainsbury have something called has a Gab Buster which is like a mystery shopper activity when compared to other organisation where in a mystery shopper can do anything question the employees satisfaction by acting has a friend , can monitor weather the Managers are treating the till members and crew members in the correct manner and not pressuring them and also basic things like cleanliness and quality as well and feed back is provided on basis of points to the store/restaurant. Reward Management Even though the overall objective of the reward management is to support the attainment of Sainsbury strategic goals it ¿Ã‚ ½s indeed helpful in motivating the employees themselves ,at Sainsbury an array of rewards are given for example employees of the month , employee of the quarter , employee of the year act which gives rise to a healthy competition and also team work. Employee Retention Sainsbury largely spoken has one of the most changeling places to work in when compared to other companies is very less on attrition due the only reason of the existence of a good Human Resource Management system, Employees at Sainsbury surprising get a month ¿Ã‚ ½s paid off ,employees have outings like visits to amusement parks ect that they can participate in which is sponsored by the company with consent of the Human Resources Management team Large area and scope of development in various sectors like finance , procurement , logistics , management and also human resource is available for employees in the form of IJPs. 2. Suggestions to Improve: Career goals of the employees could be achieved by Motivating staff by showing them what they are working for and letting them know their competence ¿Ã‚ ½s and opportunity areas. Performance appraisal if done on a quarterly basis would make room for the improvement of the employee and speed up the improvement process. More Interaction between the Human Resource Management team and the Line Mangers would result in solving issues relating to staffing More One on Ones with the employees by the Human Resource Manager could make the organization more transparent and conducive. Surprise Visits of the Human Resource Managers in the disguise of customers would help them get the actual picture about the functioning of the store. More IJP to be rolled out and employees within if promoted could reduce attrition rate. Equal opportunities to be provided to employees regardless of different ethnic back grounds would increase in sprouting up of cross cultural and Innovative ideas which could help in problem solving. Training if provided keeping in mind the latest technological aspects would result in employee ¿Ã‚ ½s skill improvement. Rewards Management system if would offer various attractive benefits would possible attract the best employees of other organizations to Join Sainsbury. Human Resource Management should have a person in the organisation who will be in the disguise of a crew member recording the positive and not so positive activities of each individual employee of the organisation which would have immediate and positive effectives if escalated back to the Human Resource Management team in the Head Office. Conclusion Human resources Management is concerned with getting the right people, using them well and developing them in order to meet Sainsbury goals. In order meet Sainsbury aims successfully; it is necessary to identify the means of using people in the most effective way and to identify any problems that are likely to occur for example recruiting the best people and then coming with solutions. After completing this unit and also reading books related to Human Resource Management I have learnt that Human Resource Management play a very crucial and vital role in the actual existences of any organization be it large of small, it ¿Ã‚ ½s a psychological boundary with policies and procedure nicely linked with human development, reasonable requirements ,motivational and emotional support to employees , however with the learning ¿Ã‚ ½s that I have gained and achieved to conclude with an Innovate thought I feel that Human Resource Management should be called has Valuable Resource Management.

Who Jesus is for you :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jesus was raised in Nazareth in the home of Joseph, a carpenter, and his wife Mary. Jesus most likely went to school in a room attached to the synagogue. He was a faithful Jew and followed all the Jewish customs. Jesus was a human being. God took on a human form in Jesus in order to live life like we do. God ‘s love for us is unconditional and infinite. To communicate with us in a personnel way like we do with our friends and family, there was no better way for God to be with us than for God to become one of us. Jesus walked along the same roadways and experienced the same trials and tribulations as other people. Accepting Jesus as fully human is as important as accepting him as fully divine. Jesus experienced stress, anger, frustration and loneliness but he chose never to respond sinfully to these experiences. Given the choice between popularity and telling people the truth, he chose the path that ultimately turned people against him and led to his death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jesus is a role model for me. Like Jesus I have been baptized in the faith. I was baptized as an infant whereas Jesus was baptized by his cousin John the Baptist when he was about thirty years old. During his life Jesus was tempted in the desert by the devil three times to give up his complete dependence on God and accept the easy forms of power the devil offered. Jesus resisted for he knew that only his faith in God would give him the power. As I grow up many times I am tempted to do the wrong things. Doing the wrong thing is sometimes easier than doing what is right. Understanding that Jesus also faced these obstacles and that prayer can help you resist in these tough situations in life is reassuring to me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jesus taught his disciples and us how to pray. He taught people to pray simply and trustingly to God as father, without trying to impress God with fancy language. Through Jesus I learned to talk to God like a son does to his father; to say what is in your heart, to ask for guidance when you need to make tough decisions. Jesus has taught me to be thankful for all the blessing I have in life. Blessing are not necessarily being rich in material goods. But being rich in the things that matter most like the love and respect of family and friends.

Historical Insights in Devil in the White City Essays -- Devil in the

Historical Insights in Devil in the White City Write an essay discussing the historical insights presented in Erik Larson’s Devil in the White City, being sure to answer the following questions: In what ways does the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893 represent the contrasts and conflicts of the Gilded Age? What is the Fair’s lasting imprint on American society & culture, & what new trends does it signal for the twentieth century?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the Chicago World’s fair of 1893 only lasted 6 months, it had an enormous impact on the city of Chicago, its people, and indeed the entire country. Up until that point in its history, the US had done nothing on the scale of the world’s fair, and was regarded as a country of barbarians and cowboys by much of the world, especially Old Europe. The fair was a perfect way for the US to disprove this. In building the fair, they would be placed in direct competition with France, who had built a magnificent fair only a few years before. If Chicago could at least build a fair on par with the Paris fair, it would prove to the world that the US was a cultural, military and political force to be reckoned with. Because of the fair’s gigantic scale, it became a microcosm of the conflicts and the tenor of the times. In effect, the fair was the turning point between the old Victorian days and the modern era, technologically, culturally, politically, and in the hearts of the people of the US and the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States of the Gilded Age was not the superpower is it today. At best, it was considered a powerful manufacturing and industrial country, but little more. Culturally and politically, it was an upstart to the relatively old and established European powers of the day. At this point in history, much of the American West was still frontier country, relatively undeveloped. The North east, especially New York, was the only part of the US considered by the world to be somewhat civilized and cultured. Even what we think of as east today, most notably Chicago, was thought of as uncivilized. Getting the World’s Fair in Chicago was their chance to prove otherwise. It was also a chance for the whole country to prove its cultural power. With the Fair’s success came new respect from the world, particularly Europe. The US was no longer viewed as much as a second rate power with no culture of its own and no global influence. The fa... ...the people of the US a glimpse of alien cultures that many of them had never heard of, much less seen and learned about. In a way, the fair was a cultural awakening for most of the people of the United States. Suddenly, people from Missouri could tell their friends and families that they had seen Camels, or men from Japan. 27 million people went to see the fair, the vast majority of them Americans. That was a little less than half of the population of the country at this time. That many people seeing cultures and people that many had never heard of would have caused a dramatic effect, transforming the people of this country into a more cultured, worldly people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chicago World’s Fair of 1893 was the turning point between old Victorian, provential, and backwater ways in the US, and the modern outlook and culture we enjoy today. It was built on a scale that had never been seen before. It provided technological wonders, new cultures, and a look into a brighter future. It helped to take the US from being a backwater, second rate power to a world super power. It was progressive in the labor and safety movements. In short, it was a major turning point in American history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Competency Goal Essay

Functional Area #1 – Safe: In order to provide a safe environment and teach children safe practices to prevent and reduce injuries I do the following: †¢I always do my classroom counts every 30 minutes, or more often when necessary, to make sure that my head count matches the actual number of children in my classroom. †¢Our centers are set up to reduce open floor space and the opportunity to run freely indoors †¢I check all toys and equipment for broken or missing parts often to ensure they remain safe for use and play. †¢I ensure that all chemicals and cleaning supplies are put away out of the reach of children or stored in locked cabinets to prevent injury or poisoning. †¢I keep my emergency routes posted and easily visible and my emergency contacts are always with me in a binder and easily accessible. †¢I am trained in emergency evacuation procedures and plans to remove all children from the classroom and/or building in the event of a tornado or fire †¢I am certified in First Aid, CPR, and Pediatric First Aid which makes me knowledgeable of caring for accidents or injuries. Functional Area #2 – Healthy: In order to provide an environment that promotes health and prevents illness, and teaches children about good nutrition and practices that promote Wellness, I do the following: †¢Cleaning and sanitizing classroom items, including future & toys, a task done multiple times a day. I sanitize all toys immediately after being put into a child’s mouth, to prevent the spread of germs. †¢ I wash my hands & wear gloves before & after handling food, helping with toileting, cleaning noses to prevent germs from being spread. †¢ I follow the center’s policies for sick children to prevent other illnesses in the classroom. †¢We also serve Healthy Balanced meals breakfast, lunch & snack. Functional Area #3 – Learning Environment: In order to use relationships, the physical space, materials, daily schedule, and routines to create a secure, interesting, and enjoyable environment that promotes engagement, play exploration, and learning of all children including children with disabilities and special needs, I do the following: †¢I have made sure that all Centers are laid out to help Children better benefit in learning. By putting the quite, busy & messy centers together. †¢We also have an ABC carpet that’s just for group time. Limit 10 to 15mins †¢I have put out many different learning activities for each center. Reading has lots of books, writing has name cards & letter strips, Dramatic Play & table toys has theme related items. Blocks have cars, animals, dollhouse & furniture. Science has Theme related items & Art I put out different things weekly to keep the Creativity going. †¢Also during the day we have group time twice, free time, small groups twice, outdoor play twice when weather permits & nap.

Corporate Re-initiation as a Change-Management Program Essay

Corporate organizations have adopted a issuance of knighthood-based investitures as methods to infuse the diffused but significant macrocosmagement of motley among their old/senior passenger vehicles. A number of published disdain reviews state that the Japanese and Danish shipping companies atomic number 18 cognize for their unique reposition management techniques with springs or corporate baptisms of fire, where the old-school managers are guaranteed to taste a host-style right of career in these companies that would comprise every(prenominal) phases of the smorgasbord process from hurt to integration (Recklies).It is accepted enough that change management d single retraining or managerial initiation is a tried and tested military method of producing unsloped commanders for facing an ever-changing brutal field, and the design of such change management initiations has shaped the right of overtaking for their civilian corporate counterparts. Essenti wholey, a goo d initiation essential be anchored on the scientifically-established phases of change, to provide the mental and strategic fabric for leadership re bleakal. One can totally contemplate on the complexity of purpose an effective initiation process and their phases on changing the image of the trainee into a newly refreshed manager.Departmental/Field rotationSince beget is thought of as the outdo teacher, re-initiation should be conducted mostly on the field. The manager-trainee moldinessiness knock off one month works in each department/ piece of the alliance. The job for Week One must involve the utmost and dirtiest chores to provide the shock or surprise therapy. For our shipping caller-out example, s/he can man the forklift, move crates/boxes etc., to erase his /her alienation with the lowest level of employees and learn to confront unannounced situations on the ground level. Week dickens must involve more proficient tasks, such as ship communications and radio co ordination. and so the trainee must gain ground up the departments political campaign in Week Three, manning a team (or teams) in the department to achieve the logical understanding and emotional acceptance phases, for it is in these ground teams that the usual crises spur up. Then on Week Four, the re-trainee will administrate the whole department.For each first Friday of the month, the trainee must answer an exam issued by the toss of the department to evaluate his/her performance and catalogue his/her character change for the past month. afterwards this, the trainee must consequently be go around to some other department, starting from the ground-up again, then another exam, until s/he comes across all departments to implement the exercising and study and phase, where the manager tries new behaviors and processes while adapting totally new departmental environmentsThis program sounds very raise for a multinational shipping company with operations (and offices) across the world, requiring the trainee(s) to travel and spend time in both working(a) and geographical field departments. For optimum learning experience for the future manager, this departmental rotation must be done inwardly 12 months, then a schoolwide exam to asses the trainees management panorama and newly-learned expertise. But the designed program must not end in departmental management, for there is still the higher-level management to teach. high-altitude ManagementNow that our trainee had valuable experience in the departments and field offices, s/he should master the main office and its intercontinental coordinating patterns/styles. S/he could be in charge of a surgical incision of the coordinating network of the logistics and sea tape drive form, while attending mandatory classes on advanced, MBA-level economics, customs and trade management during the weekends, all expenses paid by the company, this conducive to the fruition phase of change where new experiences and i nsights are encountered and tinctd into company policy and strategy. This high-ranking management part should go on for another year, to ensure that our trainee can relate his/her departmental/field experience to the suppositious/conceptual nature of top-level management, thus achieving the integration phase.At the end of this program, the manager is judge to have a healthy ruffle of experiencing the harsh field offices/departments and the stressful seclusion of the main office. The main purpose of mixing, creating a blend of experiences is to build upon the manager an mightiness to empathize on real business challenges and real-life operations, that in case problems arise, our trainee can confidently resolve new and inevitable crises, then shape company policy for success. In designing a training program, one must achieve a character change that is holistic and balanced.ReferenceThe Maersk Group. (2007). A Global Way to Work. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from http//www.mise.e du/.Recklies, O. (no date). Managing Change explanation and Phases in Change Processes. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from http//www.themanager.org/Strategy/Change_Phases.htm.